Let's say that Lu Yao and Lu Xu expressed their determination to read in seclusion. Before that, although Lu Xu had changed his attitude towards Lu Yao, in the end, after all, Lu Yao was only a fifth-grade official now, and he still didn't need it.
Lu Yao still has some worries about those who go to court. For people like Lu Yao, a man who still wants to serve the country and becomes an official in the court is the right way out. Therefore, even if Lu Yao
Various factories were booming, and various other industries were making a lot of money, but this didn't make Lu Xu feel particularly happy.
On the contrary, Lu Yao's performance in this new Cuju competition really impressed Lu Xu. Originally, Lu Xu thought that this new Cuju competition was just like other industries. Lu Yao just wanted to gain through this competition.
Some fame, or maybe making some more money. However, when Lu Yao said that this competition was also good for the people, Lu Xu still took a high look at his son. So there was what happened later.
Lu Xu strongly supported Lu Yao.
However, both Lu Xu and Lu Yao understood that in today's world, for children who grow up in official families, their fate seems to be doomed from birth to a certain extent. There is no official
In the end, the child did not choose to become an official in the court. However, Lu Yao was a special case. In fact, at the beginning, he really had no intention of becoming an official. He originally thought that he would do well in Bianliang.
Industry, build some factories, make money, live a free and unrestrained life, how happy it is.
However, the world has changed, and plans can never keep up with changes. Lu Yao fell in love with Han Yunyu, the daughter of the Han family, at first sight, and Han Yonghe happened to be a person who liked officialdom very much. He has now become a minister. If he wants to be his son-in-law, then
It can be said that if you don’t put a false name on your head, you are definitely not qualified.
Of course, this is only one reason. The second reason why Lu Yao decided to take the imperial examination well was because of what happened with Tangxi before and the people's livelihood was suffering. Lu Yao knew that what he could do was really limited. If
If you want to fundamentally change the current situation, there is only one way, which is to take control of the power yourself and implement reforms.
Of course, people who implemented reforms in history usually did not end well. Lu Yao knew this very well. Therefore, Lu Yao did not want to directly express his thoughts before he really reached that position.
.
Firstly, it is a marriage affair, and objectively one must obtain good grades in the imperial examination. Secondly, it is also to pave the way for one's ideals, and one must have a place in the court.
Objective factors and subjective thoughts all urged Lu Yao to take the imperial examination. Of course, as for what would happen if he really passed the imperial examination, Lu Yao didn't think too much about it now.
In seven days, he had never thought about how far he could reach. As for the so-called "doing one's best" and obeying fate, Lu Yao could only think like this.
Speaking of our country's imperial examination system, there is a lot of information for reference.
The imperial examination system was a system for selecting officials through examinations in ancient China and countries such as Japan, Korea, and Vietnam that were influenced by China.
From the inception of the imperial examination to the 31st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1905), when the last imperial examination was held (the last imperial examination in the world ended in the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam in 1919), it lasted more than 1,200 years. The history of the imperial examination system
The main examinations were held regularly. The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty were held once a year. During the Taizong period of the Song Dynasty, the imperial examinations were held every one or two years. In the third year of Emperor Yingzong's reign (1066), the imperial examinations were held every three years.
Hold an imperial examination.
The imperial examinations are usually divided into local provincial examinations, central provincial examinations and imperial examinations. The first place in the provincial examinations is called "Jie Yuan", the first place in the central provincial examinations is called "Provincial Yuan", and the first place in the imperial examination is called "Zhuangyuan".
The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty included various subjects such as Xiucai, Mingjing, Junshi, Jinshi, Mingfa (Law), Mingzi, Mingshu (mathematics), etc. The examination content included timely affairs, classics, essays, etc. The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty included Jinshi
, the subjects of the Ming classics, the examination contents include scriptures, ink meanings and poems. After Wang Anshi was appointed as political advisor, he canceled the poems, poems, scriptures, ink meanings, and focused on the scriptures, theory, and policy to select scholars. The imperial examination in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was changed to
Examine the eight-part essay.
The imperial examination system was the fairest form of talent selection that could be adopted in the feudal era. It expanded the social level of talent introduction in the feudal country and absorbed a large number of people from the middle and lower classes into the ruling class. Especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties, at the beginning of the imperial examination system
, showing vigorous progress and forming a golden age for the development of ancient Chinese culture.
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, when the imperial examination system matured, its positivity still dominated. However, after the Song Dynasty, with the inhumane development of feudal autocracy, the imperial examination became more and more negative. After the Song Dynasty, the culture of the intellectual class of scholar-bureaucrats
Creativity is deteriorating, and talents are getting worse from generation to generation.
Thinking of this, Lu Yao couldn't help but think of Wang Anshi. In terms of age, Wang Anshi should be around thirty years old this year. It was not yet time for him to come out to carry out the reform. When he thought of Wang Anshi, he had to mention that it was also held before Wang Anshi.
Fan Zhongyan who went through the reform. In fact, Lu Yao's question has not been answered all this time. That is, in terms of years, it is already the time after Fan Zhongyan's reform. Why is it still said in the mouths of all officials above the court?
Is there no sign of Fan Zhongyan's reform in all the things Lu Yao saw?
Is there something wrong with my memory, or is time messed up due to time travel?
Let’s talk about the imperial examination.
In the Zhou Dynasty, the "rural selection" method was used, that is, the "rural elders" (triad chiefs) and others selected local magi, and after the local governors paid tribute at various levels, they went directly to the central government. The magi who presented tribute to the king were personally selected by the king.
The content of the exam was archery. In society before the Zhou Dynasty, only members of the ruling group family could receive education and become intellectuals. In fact, various components of the state institutions were mainly hereditary possessions by members of the ruling group.
The specific manifestation is the "Shiqing Shilu" system of the Zhou Dynasty. Under this system, even if there is some kind of recommendation and selection, it basically does not go beyond the scope of the patriarchal family. Recommendation and selection transcend the net of hereditary blood relations and ascend to high positions.
It can only be an extremely occasional exception. By the Spring and Autumn Period, "rituals collapsed" and the Shiqing and Shilu system was severely damaged. Some lower-class people who were not nobles were appointed under special circumstances. Talents were selected through recommendation and assessment.
More and more bureaucratic systems based on appointments based on recommendation and assessment (and promotion based on merit) gradually emerged. At that time, the development of social economy and the expansion of culture and education accelerated this process.
In the Han Dynasty, the examination and recruitment system and the recruitment system were used to promote civilian talents. In the eleventh year of Emperor Gaozu (197 BC), Liu Bang issued an edict ordering ministers at all levels to recommend talents, forming the initial form of rural tribute in later generations. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty II
In the year (178 BC), and in the fifteenth year (165 BC), two more edicts were issued, ordering officials at all levels to recommend "virtuous, upright and upright people who can speak out and give the most advice", and the recommended candidates were examined in the form of policy questions.
Based on Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered each county to promote filial sons and one honest official. Later, the two subjects were gradually merged into one subject, called "filial piety and integrity". In addition, "xiucai" was also one of the important subjects in the examination. Filial piety
Integrity lies in virtue, while scholarly talent lies in talent. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to "Maocai" to avoid tabooing Liu Xiu. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, people who generally studied and should take the examination were generally called scholars. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, students who passed the junior "county examination" were specifically called scholars.
In the Han Dynasty, all imperial examinations had to pass the court examination. However, the important difference between the imperial examinations in the Han Dynasty and those in later generations is that the examination is not important in the imperial examinations, and recommendation is decisive. The imperial examinations are mainly based on recommendations, and examinations are supplementary.
, there was basically no deposing in the examination, "There was no deposing law at that time, and those who responded were selected."
"Renzi" and "Zhouxuan", the direct recruitment of emperors and bureaucrats at all levels is still carried out. Generally, scholars are often recruited as officials in prefectures and counties before their superiors recommend them to the central government as scholars, filial piety and integrity, etc.
.However, ordinary civilians with no connections have almost no possibility of being investigated.
During the reign of Emperor Wen of Wei, Chen Qun created the Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System, in which specific officials evaluated civilian talents based on their origins, moral character, etc., and divided them into Nine-Ranks for recruitment. This system was followed in the Western Jin Dynasty and the Six Dynasties. The Nine-Rank Zhongzheng system was an improvement of the Chaju, with the main differences being
It was the responsibility of the local officials to appoint officials instead of the local officials. However, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the powerful power of the gentry often affected the assessment of talents by Zhongzheng officials. Later, the criteria were even limited to family origin. This resulted in the situation of "high-ranking families do not have poor families.
The phenomenon of "low-grade people without nobles" not only blocked the collection of materials from the people, but also allowed the nobles to control the court's collection of materials.
During the Qi Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties, the examination policy for the Xiucai Department began to have clear regulations: "Five questions (passed) are all ranked high, four, three are average, two are low, and one is not qualified and ranked."
There are four grades: middle, lower, and those who fail, and those who fail are "unqualified" and will not be awarded an official. This shows that the examination has become much more stringent than in the past. During the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Wu of Liang established the Five Classics Museum in Jiankang, and those who passed the examination were awarded
It was for officials. Scholars from poor families from all over the country came to study in the academy one after another. The examination method was: "If there are those who can master one scripture and are not tired from beginning to end, after the strategy is solid, select them and add narratives. Although they are in charge of cattle and sheep, they are poor at the back door.
And officials should be tested according to their talents, without leaving any gaps. "It has been clearly stated that the children of common people from poor families should be hired according to their talents, regardless of their origins.
In the Northern Dynasties, Northern Wei, and Northern Qi, "all states and counties were established in Zhongzheng. The method of the examination was to encourage scholars to be educated, to encourage scholars to collect books, and to encourage honest doctors to be honest. The emperor always wore uniforms, went out on a chariot, and sat in the court hall.
Couplets, Xiuxiao, etc. are each paired with Bancao. Those who make mistakes in words will be asked to stand up and sit down; those who have bad books will drink a liter of ink; those who are liberal arts and science will seize the seats and take off the rongdao." (Prefectures and counties all set up Zhongzheng, Zhongzheng,
Officials from the three departments (Book Collection, Collection of Books, and Kaogonglang) respectively assessed the three categories of scholars, tribute scholars, and honest and good people.) It can be seen that the examination method in the Northern Dynasties at that time had been implemented by subject, and the examination room was supervised. Unqualified candidates were punished on the spot.
Rebuke.
It is not difficult to see that in the early days of the imperial examination system, it was actually difficult for children from poor families, that is, children from commoner families like Chen Chen, to stand out. Even now, if it had not been for the emergence of Lu Yao's movable type printing, it would still be
There will be many people who can't even read books. The lack of education is also a major reason why the national power cannot be developed.
There is controversy in history circles about the time when the imperial examination system was first established. There are many theories including Han Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.
Some historians believe that the imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty on the grounds that the Sui Dynasty was divided into imperial examination candidates and Jinshi subjects. Some historians have verified that the imperial examination system began in the Han Dynasty, proving that the Han Dynasty did not
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Only those who took the imperial examination were divided into those who took the imperial examination. The Han Dynasty still had examinations for admission, and there is no reliable evidence to prove that the Sui Dynasty had a Jinshi subject. Some historians have proved that the essence of the imperial examination system was started in the Tang Dynasty. You are allowed to register for it (you do not have to have to
(specially recommended by ministers or governors), as well as the examination and dismissal method, the imperial examination system began in the Tang Dynasty.
It is impossible to study too much now as to where the imperial examination system was first created. However, the two dynasties of the Tang and Song dynasties were indeed the period when the imperial examination system was at its peak.
Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the training and selection of talents. After he came to the throne, he greatly expanded the scale of the college, expanded the school building, and increased the number of students. The permanent subjects include Xiucai, Mingjing, Junshi, Jinshi, Mingfa, Mingzi, Mingshu, and one
History, Three Histories, Kaiyuan Rites, Dao Examination, etc. The Tang Dynasty had particularly high requirements for scholars. As a result, few scholars took the examination, and soon the subject of Xiucai was abolished. From then on, "Xiucai" became a general term for those who should take the examination.
.The two subjects of Ming Jing and Jin Shi attracted the largest number of candidates in the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty.
The Ming Jing originated in the Han Dynasty. The "Ming Jing" in the Tang Dynasty examined various Confucian classics, including Laozi. The Ming Jing did not examine more than ten Confucian classics, but was divided into the Ming One Classic, Two Classics, Three Classics, and Five Classics.
Four levels. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737) of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it was stipulated that the Ming Dynasty Classics examination would be added to the current affairs policy test. The examiner would ask policy questions about current affairs, and the candidates would give written answers. Among all the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty Classics subject had the most scholars. However,
The most glorious and honorable thing is the Jinshi subject. The Jinshi subject examination in the early Tang Dynasty consisted of five "Current Affairs Policies". Current Affairs Policies involved the country's real problems, allowing scholars to get up from the pile of old papers, face the society, observe, think about problems, and propose solutions.
In the second year of Tiaolu's reign (680), Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty added the examination system of essays and essays to the Jinshi subjects. The examination system for the Jinshi subjects was composed of three examinations: essays, essays and essays.
In the Tang Dynasty, martial arts examinations also occurred. The martial arts examinations began in the second year of Chang'an of Wu Zetian (702). The candidates for the martial arts examinations came from rural tribute and were examined by the Ministry of War. The examination subjects include long-range shooting, horse shooting, infantry shooting, and flat shooting.
Cannon shooting, carbine, wrestling, weightlifting, etc.
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, poetry and Fu became the main content of the Jinshi examination. During his reign, he personally interviewed candidates for the imperial examination eight times in the palaces of Chang'an and Luoyang, and admitted many very talented people.
There were more than 100 subjects in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, such as "a virtuous and upright person who can speak out and give advice", "a military strategist with a great ambition is worthy of being a general", etc. Applicants for the imperial examination could be civilians or those who passed the imperial examination.
, current or retired officials may also participate.
The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty were open to the whole society regardless of family background, and indeed attracted many poor people to enter the political power. The prime ministers Duan Wenchang and Wang Bo during the reign of Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty were poor people from poor families. In their early years, they could not even eat, so they had to ask for food from others.
They entered the official position through Jinshi. After these poor scholars became prominent, they often attracted similar people, such as Li Xun and Li Jian brothers, whose family background was poor.
Thirty-three people all took Hansu.”
The banquet held to celebrate the students after the imperial examination results was released was called the Wenxi Banquet in the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, and the early Song Dynasty. From the eighth year of the Taiping Xingguo reign of Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty (983), it was held in Qionglin Garden, so this banquet was also called the Wenxi Banquet.
It is called "Qionglin Banquet".
Lu Yao couldn't help but feel a little dizzy when he thought of this. Although he had the advantage of being a time traveler, but being together with some poor literati of this era, Lu Yao really felt that he would be restless by then, and he probably wouldn't even
Know what to say.
Fortunately, at least Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Su Zhe should be present. Lu Yao should find some people he is familiar with to chat with them.
The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty underwent major changes in both form and content.
The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty broadened the scope of admissions and functions. Jinshis in the Song Dynasty were divided into three classes: the first class was called a Jinshi and passed; the second class was called a Jinshi by origin; and the third class was by the same Jinshi background.
There were two levels of imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty (i.e., the Fajie examination in local prefectures and counties and the provincial examination in the central Shangshu Province and the Ministry of Rites), which was inherited in the early Song Dynasty. After the sixth year of Kaibao (973), the Song Dynasty changed the emperor's personal visit to the palace examination into
Customized, the first place in the prefecture and county examinations has been called "Jie Yuan" since the Tang Dynasty, the first place in the central provincial examination was renamed "Provincial Yuan" in the Song Dynasty, and the first place in the palace examination was called "Zhuangyuan". "Three Yuan in a row" was called the imperial examination.
The highest wish of the scholars of the era. The emperor generally did not personally mark the examination papers during the imperial examination. In fact, the examination papers were still reviewed by the examiners. The top candidates selected by the examiners were sent to the emperor for "imperial reading". The emperor controlled the last step of the imperial examination——
After the "palace examination", the new scholars became "disciples of the emperor".
It should be said that Lu Yao's final goal is to become a disciple of the emperor, that is, to pass the palace examination. Of course, if he can get to this point, it means that he will definitely pass the imperial examination.
Although from Lu Yao's point of view, this exam is an open-book exam and he has enough time to prepare, he should not underestimate the other candidates who have prepared for this exam for a long time. What's more, the pressure on these people
, may be much younger than Lu Yao. For Lu Yao, his life-long events and the status of the Lu family are closely related to his results in the imperial examination.
Mi Feng, Transcript, was the most important reform of the imperial examination system in the Northern Song Dynasty. Mi Feng was to seal and paste the candidates' names, place of birth and other records on the examination paper, also called "obscuring names". The method of obscuring names first appeared in the Tang Dynasty
In the early Tang Dynasty, when the officials were appointed to the official examination, the method of judging the text was to use the method of using the name to test the school. After the Five Dynasties, in the third year of Zhou Guangshun (953), Zhigong Zhao turned over and used the method of using the name to test for the Jinshi for the first time.
The method of sealing is used to obtain scholars.
After the candidate's name is sealed, the examiner can still read his or her notes. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015), the Transcription Institute was established. All imperial examination papers were copied by special personnel, and then the examiners reviewed them. After that, the provincial examinations and the interpretation examination were also implemented in sequence.
Transcription system. In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty further strengthened the discipline of the examination room, implemented strict body search regulations, inspected the array of internal soldiers and guards, and patrolled and monitored. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a strong trend of cheating when the examinees entered the court.
There were many people who "took books to commit adultery" and "took books to commit adultery". The Northern Song Dynasty strived to block all kinds of corrupt people from powerful families, so it was natural that examination discipline should be strictly enforced.
These systems were indeed very effective in preventing examiners from making favoritism. However, by the late Northern Song Dynasty, this method became a mere formality. The changes in the examination format in the Song Dynasty not only failed to eliminate the chronic problems of the imperial examination, but also made
It worsened further.
Fortunately, at this time, Zhao Zhen's invigilation system was still very highly implemented. At least during Lu Yao's exam, it was basically impossible to cheat.
Thinking of this, Lu Yao still felt a little relieved. If nothing else, take modern exams of all sizes. There are really countless cheaters. From junior high school, high school, to university, the most famous
Yes, it is the so-called CET-4 and CET-6 exam. Until now, every month before the exam, or even two or three months ago, there will always be a group of people at the door of each school, and they will ask you in a low voice,
Is it necessary to have passed Level 4 and Level 6?
Or, small advertisements have begun to be posted in every teaching building.
Although technology is advancing, the methods of these opportunists are also improving. Now it seems that the invigilation of this kind of exam in ancient times is actually much more stringent to a certain extent than modern exams.
The most important thing is the method of punishment. You must know that in ancient times, if you were really caught cheating on the spot, the biggest punishment would be to be beheaded, or you would be banned from taking exams for life. Such punishment is comparable to modern times where it is just a warning or
The penalty for reporting criticism is much stronger.
The imperial examinations in the Northern Song Dynasty were still held every year at first, but with the implementation of canonization, transcription, and the increase of imperial examinations, the workload of organizing preparations, personnel arrangements, etc. for each examination greatly increased. If the examinations were held every year, both the central and local governments would be exhausted. Therefore, from
After Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination was actually no longer held every year. In the third year of Zhiping (1066) by Emperor Yingzong of the Song Dynasty, it was officially stipulated that the imperial examination should be held every three years. Every autumn, each state conducts the examination, and in the spring of the next year, the Ministry of Rites conducts the examination. Provincial
The palace examination will be held in the year of the examination.
In the Song Dynasty, a ceremony was also held for the emperor to announce the rank of Jinshi.
Although this is a good thing, Lu Yao has already made plans. If he gets a good ranking and gets an opportunity, he must advise Zhao Zhen to cancel this ceremony.
It's very simple. The results and rankings of all candidates are announced directly in front of all the candidates. For those who have excellent results, they will naturally be extremely excited. They can arbitrarily ridicule those whose results are not as good as theirs.
And for those who rank at the bottom, or who fail directly, how big a blow will this be? You know, there are countless people who take the imperial examination, but only a small number of people succeed in the end.
There is really no need to undermine other people's enthusiasm and self-esteem for the sake of such people.
The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty also made major changes in the examination content. The Song Dynasty strengthened the status and importance of policy theory in the imperial examinations. In the fourth year of Xining (1071), Song Shenzong and Wang Anshi officially implemented the imperial examination reform: the imperial examination only included one subject for Jinshi
, the original Ming Jing, Xuexue and other subjects (generally referred to as "the subjects") were all withdrawn and merged into the Jinshi subject; the poetry and Fu, the examination of the scriptures and the meaning of the scriptures were abolished, and the examination of the meaning, theory and strategy of the scriptures was replaced; the palace examination only tested one strategy. Wang Anshi
The important purpose of reforming the imperial examination is to unify thinking and academics.
In the early stage of the imperial examination, the emphasis was on poetry and prose, while in the later stage it was on Confucian classics. Wang Anshi abandoned poetry and prose to examine the meaning of the classics, which was the key point of this change. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the ideas of the Cheng-Zhu family were used to strictly control the thinking of intellectuals.
Wang Anshi used "New Meanings of the Three Classics" and "Shuo of Zi" to regulate schools and pioneered the imperial examination. The "eight-legged essay" emphasized in the imperial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties evolved directly from the "Classics and Meanings" formulated by Wang Anshi.
Wang Anshi's reforms were opposed by Su Shi, Sima Guang and others.
Thinking of this, Lu Yao couldn't help but have a very bold idea. Wang Anshi has not yet carried out the reform. According to his age, he should just be a local magistrate. If he gets the opportunity someday, he will invite Wang Anshi.
Come here and let him have a good exchange with Su Shi. Maybe the two sides can turn enemies into friends. After all, both of them are historical figures that Lu Yao admires very much. Lu Yao doesn't want to think about any big conflict between these two people in the end.
Moreover, Wang Anshi's reform ended in failure, so Lu Yao's move was tantamount to saving Wang Anshi.
After the death of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Empress Dowager Gao "supervised politics behind the curtain", and Sima Guang became prime minister, overturning the imperial examination reform, and only preserved the part of the new law that replaced Mo Yi with Jing Yi. In the fourth year of Yuanyou (1089), the selection of scholars from Jing Yi was implemented.
More than ten
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In 1093, many scholars were no longer good at poetry, so the Song Dynasty divided the Jinshi into two subjects: poetry, poetry, and classics and meaning. In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), Empress Dowager Gao died of illness, and Zhezong of the Song Dynasty came into power, and the imperial examination regulations set by Wang Anshi were restored.
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The Northern Song Dynasty canceled the Civil Service Examination. However, the imperial examination began with Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty, which added a difficulty to the scholars in the provincial examination. Many people passed the provincial examination, but were deposed in the palace examination. The Song Dynasty's "Shao's Experience"
"" and "Yan Yi Yi Mou Lu" and other books record: "Since the ancestors of this dynasty, Jinshi have traveled across the provinces to go to the palace examination, and some of them have been deposed. Poor scholars from far away, who took the imperial examination, were poor and could not return, and many of them died in the water."
The emperor used palace examinations to depose scholars, so the grievances of those who failed must be directly directed at the emperor. There was a scholar named Zhang Yuan who failed many palace examinations. He defected to Xixia angrily and helped Xixia make plans. The Xixia army invaded the Song Dynasty year after year, and the Song army repeatedly
The disastrous defeat made the emperor and ministers of the Northern Song Dynasty uneasy, and the ministers all blamed the imperial examination for deposing scholars. Therefore, in the second year of Jiayou's reign (1057), Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty officially issued an edict: "No one will be deposed in the imperial examination."
If you are sure to get a Jinshi, the palace examination will only determine the ranking.
The Song Dynasty greatly increased the number of imperial examination admissions. In the 22nd year of Song Taizong's reign, nearly 10,000 people were admitted to the Jinshi subject alone, with an average of more than 450 people per year. The total number of Jinshi in the Tang Dynasty was only more than 6,000. The Song Dynasty
Renzong restricted the number of Jinshi scholars, stipulating that each subject should not exceed 400 people. Calculated based on one subject every three years, the average number was still more than 130 people per year. The average number of Jinshi scholars each year in the Song Dynasty was ten times the number of Jinshi scholars each year in the Tang Dynasty.
several times.
The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty were all taken by wealthy families. The poor scholars such as Lu Mengzheng, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, etc. were very few among those who passed the imperial examinations, and they were not from poor peasants. The financial expenses required for the imperial examinations were indeed beyond the reach of ordinary farmers.
The burden was borne. San Su and his son were originally from a prosperous family in Meishan County, Sichuan. In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Xun and his son went to Beijing to take the exam. Although the Su Shi brothers were on the gold medal list, their property was almost exhausted. The following year, Su Xun died.
The wife died of illness in Meishan, and the father and son returned to their hometown for funerals. The house was in a miserable state of "the house was in ruins, the fences were leaky, and it was like fleeing someone's home." This did not include the cost of not producing for ten years in the cold window. How dare a small family dare to do so?
Are you interested in such an imperial examination? The expansion of the number of imperial examinations in the Northern Song Dynasty attracted almost all scholars from the whole society. The competition in the examination hall was fierce, and the scholars were often in and out of the examination hall. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination was not the only thing for scholars.
The way out is not enough to attract the entire intellectual class.
In the Song Dynasty, the imperial examinations eliminated recommendations and relied solely on test papers to determine the choice. However, the unreasonable content of the examinations became more prominent. Poetry and classics were not scientific criteria for selecting talents. Talents such as Wang Anshi, Su Shi brothers, and Fan Zhongyan were both good at literature and political affairs.
, they are really rare. The "Tongbang" method in the Tang Dynasty allowed the examiners to have greater autonomy. As long as the examiners were on duty, they could select those scholars who were not good at writing but had both political integrity and talent. The ministers with outstanding political achievements in the Tang Dynasty.
There are more prime ministers than in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination was determined by examination papers, which made it difficult for talented people who were not good at literature to get ahead. People who were only talented in literature but did not know how to govern the country and the people might be selected in Gaodi, such as Huang Tingjian, Zhang Jiucheng, etc.
.
However, these laws on sealing and transcribing were increasingly undermined by the political corruption in the Southern Song Dynasty. In order to win over intellectuals, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty comprehensively expanded the number of candidates for imperial examinations, which resulted in a common malpractice in late feudal society, that is, the serious problem of redundant officials.
Since the admission quota for Jinshi in the Song Dynasty was more than ten times that of the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty greatly increased the number of officials in order to place many people who entered the imperial examination. The number of officials in the Song Dynasty was unprecedentedly large and bloated, and the administrative efficiency was extremely low. The excessive use of imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty caused
The disadvantages of redundant officials are that many officials have been out of service for a long time and live a miserable life. Once they take office, they "invade and take" (steal and take what others have), "do everything" (do all bad things), and are exploited in every possible way.
You don’t need to read the history of the imperial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In fact, looking at the entire imperial examination system, it is relatively friendly to people of Lu Yao’s class. In Lu Yao’s view, the biggest drawback of the imperial examination system is
It's still about children from poor families. Although the number of candidates for the examination is increasing with the development of the times, in the end, there are very few people from poor families who can pass the Jinshi.
We must find a way to solve this problem.
After talking about history, Lu Yao began to study the subjects for the exam.
The subjects of the imperial examinations in each dynasty are constantly changing. The subjects of the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty include Xiucai, Mingjing, Jinshi, Mingfa (law), Mingzi (writing), Mingshu (arithmetic), etc. Wang Anshi's reform in the Song Dynasty changed the imperial examination to only
There was only one Jinshi subject in the imperial examinations during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system, but also offered special subjects (special subjects), such as the Bo Xue Hong Ci subject, the Translation subject, etc.
In addition to the special subjects of the imperial examination, the contents of the Ming Jing and Jinshi examinations are mainly Confucian classics. The examinations are also different in different dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, they mainly focused on time affairs (ce questions), Moyi, oral examinations, scriptures, poems, etc., and in the Song Dynasty
It mainly includes classics and meanings, policy questions, poems and poems, etc. By the Ming Dynasty, there was only classics and meanings.
The current time has not yet reached the stage of Wang Anshi's reform, so Lu Yao still needs to know something about these subjects.
Mo Yi: That is, the written answer. The examiner sets questions based on the scriptures, and the candidates write the answers based on the previous commentaries or context of the scripture. Sometimes it is in the form of oral answers, which is called oral meaning.
Tie Jing: The examiner takes a certain passage from the classics at will, covers the numbers or sentences in it with a piece of paper, and asks the examinee to recite it, similar to the method of modern fill-in-the-blank examination.
Ce Questions (Current Affairs Policy): Examiners ask policy questions about current affairs, and candidates respond in writing. Among all the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Jing subject obtained the most scholars. But the most honorable and honorable one was the Jinshi subject. The Jinshi subject examination in the early Tang Dynasty
These are the five "Current Affairs Policies". Current Affairs Policies involve the country's real problems, allowing readers to get up from their old papers, face the society, observe, think about problems, and design solutions.
Poems
Poetry and Fu, in the second year of Emperor Yonglong of the Tang Dynasty (681), the Jinshi Examination added several essays and two essays. At this point, the Jinshi Examination has formed a three-examination system of essays, essays, and policy questions. Essays generally refer to poems, poems, and proverbs.
, inscriptions, expressions, praises, etc., to test literary talents. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, two essays were clearly designated as poems and one poem.
The Poetry and Fu examination requires people to have considerable historical and cultural knowledge, and also requires people to have vivid image thinking ability and aesthetic feeling ability, so it is fresher, livelier and more spiritual than the scriptures and ink meanings. The Poetry and Fu exam can also tell the candidates
The ability to master language and writing is the basic condition for serving as an official and engaging in politics, and it is easy to distinguish the good from the bad in the examination. Therefore, the selection of scholars for poetry and poetry is quite rational compared with later generations who bound the candidates' thoughts to the "Classic meaning" of Confucius and Mencius.
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Essays
Essays generally refer to poems, rhymes, proverbs, inscriptions, expressions, praises, etc., which test the literary talents of candidates. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the trend of advocating literature has become increasingly popular in society. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, two essays were clearly designated as poems.
, one poem each. The poems and poems exam requires candidates to have considerable knowledge of history and culture, as well as vivid image thinking and aesthetic perception, which are fresher, livelier and more spiritual than copying scriptures and ink meanings.
In fact, in Lu Yao's view, these are more like the modern Chinese language subject examination, coupled with the combination of application and discussion in the civil service examination. Among them, apart from the fact that the policy questions require you to perform on the spot and answer the current affairs, the other
This can all be solved through endorsement, not to mention that Lu Yao can say that his mastery of Tang and Song poems is definitely not low.
At first glance, the imperial examination seems to have a very wide scope, and, in Lu Yao's opinion, the imperial examination system has both negative and positive impacts.
The imperial examination system was the fairest form of talent selection possible in the feudal era. It expanded the social level of talent introduction in the feudal country and absorbed a large number of people from the middle and lower classes into the ruling class. Especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the imperial examination system developed properly.
At the beginning of its maturity, it showed vigorous progress and formed a golden age for the development of ancient Chinese culture. Compared with all other electoral systems in feudal society, the imperial examination system had its progress and rationality. It created social mobility."
It improved feudal politics to a certain extent; the strict examination procedures and systems of the imperial examination were praised as an outstanding creation of the Chinese nation. The imperial examination system gave candidates a chance to compete fairly, which was a positive factor in mobilizing people.
Extensive search for talents has irrefutable advantages. The power of selecting scholars by examination lies with the country. Those who succeed have no selfless favor and those who are deposed have no resentment. It is also conducive to social stability and political clarity. The imperial examination system has promoted social mobility.
Function. The imperial examination system was quite open and competitive to a certain extent, which resulted in the flow of talents in feudal society. Some civilians could be promoted to rulers through the imperial examination; other children of officials were reduced to civilians due to failure in the imperial examination. Imperial Examination
The system promoted the flow of members of different classes and selected batches of ministers and officials for the rulers of the past dynasties. It played a vital role in the stability and development of China's feudal society.
However, everything has two sides. The imperial examination system was formed under the feudal system and naturally had its drawbacks.
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, when the imperial examination system matured, its positivity still dominated. However, after the Song Dynasty, with the inhumane development of feudal autocracy, the imperial examination became more and more negative. After the Song Dynasty, the culture of the intellectual class of scholar-bureaucrats
Creative ability is deteriorating, and talents are not as good as each generation. The late imperial examination system made Confucianism a tool for rulers to enslave their subjects; the bureaucratic team grew, but the talent force engaged in scientific and technological research was relatively weak. With the development of the imperial examination system, especially in the feudal period
In society, the imperial examination system will also have some negative effects.
First, because the rulers changed the content of the examination, the imperial examination became a shackles that restricted the minds of intellectuals. Second, because there was a single way to become an official, only those who passed the imperial examination could become officials, and many people had the idea that they would get rich by becoming an official.
, so some scholars developed abnormal values, which gave birth to some family and social tragedies. Third, the imperial examination system led to official corruption. As the wheel of history progressed, the imperial examination system became politicized.
The education of teachers has led to the prevalence of teacher-sect relationships. This has resulted in serious teacher-sect nepotism. These teacher-sect relationships form cliques with each other in the officialdom, and officials protect each other. He Shen, a corrupt official during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, is one of the best examples.
An example is that he took advantage of Emperor Qianlong's favor to dominate the world, accepted bribes, and became as rich as anyone in the country. Moreover, he repeatedly used the questions of the imperial examination as bait to collect bribes from candidates. This is not conducive to the country's construction of a just and fair country.
The open social good system has caused the darkness of officialdom and social chaos.
However, for Lu Yao, now, apart from the imperial examination, he had no other choice.