Let's talk about Chen Chen's father, Lao Chen, who is very pleased with Chen Chen's success. Just now, someone brought food and drinks. This is a big question. That person turned out to be Fan Lou's clerk. You know, Lao Chen used to live in the outer city.
What does the family eat when they live there? Basically, it is good to be able to eat three meals a day. There is no chance to choose food, so there is no need to drink. In normal times, that is
Only when Chen Chen has made enough money, Lao Chen will buy a bottle of wine to drink. In fact, Lao Chen can count the number of times he can drink wine throughout the year with one finger.
Later, Chen Chen got the appreciation of Lu Yao by chance. Speaking of Lu Yao, in fact, at first, Chen Chen was a little wary of this person. After all, Lu Yao lived in the inner city all year round. Although
Lu Yao is now quite popular in Bianliang City, but in the outer city, there are still many people who don't know Lu Yao's name.
These people usually only heard the names of those high-ranking officials who served in the dynasty, such as Cao Yi and Han Yonghe. Basically, the names of these two people are also known to the common people in the outer city. And people such as Lu Yao and
People in the outer city may not have heard of the name of a person like Pan Yuanwu who is more inclined to be a big businessman.
Lao Chen, who stayed at home, was naturally suspicious of this person who suddenly showed up to find Chen Chen to participate in some new Cuju competition. It wasn't until he saw the eighty strings of money that Chen Chen brought back that he began to believe in Lu Yao's character.
No matter what kind of role this person is, he has the courage to do great things. He even dared to pay his salary directly without signing a contract. This shows that this person's mind and courage are extremely unmatched. Although Lao Chen has no education
, but at his age, he can be regarded as a person with countless friends. When he was young, he also worked hard in the outer city. Therefore, through these two actions of Lu Yao, Lao Chen has concluded that this person should be a person who can achieve great things.
Therefore, he immediately supported Chen Chen and asked him to seek refuge with Lu Yao and concentrate on working for Lu Yao.
After that, Chen Chen took his parents to live in the inner city and bought a house in a slightly remote place. Although Chen Chen earned more money after deducting the cost of buying a house, Lao Chen and his wife both knew that Chen Chen
It is not easy to earn this kind of money, and whether you can earn it in the future depends on Mr. Lu Yao's face. Therefore, apart from daily expenses, these two people actually do not dare to spend money randomly. However, having said that,
But Lao Chen can't get rid of his alcohol addiction. What's more, in the inner city, everything looks much more advanced than in the outer city, not to mention liquor. Therefore, Lao Chen once secretly drank
I bought a few bottles of wine.
Although Lao Chen felt that he did it without realizing it every time he bought wine, he didn't know that both his wife and Chen Chen knew about his behavior of buying wine. His wife thought it was okay for Lao Chen to drink some occasionally, but Chen Chen didn't.
I thought that since we were all in the inner city, and it seemed that we still had enough money, it would be okay to drink once or twice occasionally. Thanks to the understanding of his wife and son, Lao Chen also drank in the inner city a few times.
of wine.
Speaking of drinking, Lao Chen also met a few drinking buddies. Of course, the reason why they chatted with Lao Chen was probably because of Chen Chen's face. In addition, now basically everyone in the city knows that Lu Yao is
The organizer of this Cuju competition, and Chen Chen was personally selected by Lu Yao, the relationship between Lao Chen and Lu Yao can be said to be extraordinary in their opinion. Lao Chen can only laugh it off, after all, he has been
, I haven’t had a chance to meet Lu Yao yet.
However, this does not delay these guys who are following the trend to come and chat with Lao Chen. Lao Chen doesn’t think it matters. Drinking is indeed a bit boring if you drink alone, and Lao Chen is also very restrained when talking to these people.
, I basically didn’t say much about Lu Yao and Chen Chen, and only talked about other things with them.
During a chat, Lao Chen and his drinking friends talked about the difference between the liquor in the inner city and the outer city. Because Lao Chen often goes to this restaurant now, and because the wine is indeed better than that in the outer city,
So Lao Chen also praised the liquor in this restaurant.
Who knows, this compliment made the other people sitting at the same table laugh. They all said that although Lao Chen has arrived in the inner city, he has also drank the wine in the inner city. Little did they know that the liquor in the inner city
, are also divided into three, six, and nine grades.
Lao Chen is naturally aware of this, but it's not that he can't afford the expensive wine, but he doesn't want to waste his son's money. That's why he chooses this restaurant to drink every time. According to drinking friends,
The wine produced by the restaurant where they are now can only be regarded as average in Bianliang City.
Out of curiosity, Lao Chen asked them which house made the best wine in Bianliang City?
When asked, the other people at the table said three words in unison.
The Immortal in Wine.
What surprised Lao Chen the most was that he originally said that the wine in other restaurants in this restaurant was delicious, but it was probably not good. However, the person at the same table directly called the owner of the restaurant and asked him about the wine.
View of Zhongxian Restaurant.
The boss didn't look angry at all, and quickly said that the wine of Jiuzhongxian in Bianliang City was indeed the best.
Later, Lao Chen learned a shocking news from these people.
It turns out that the boss of this Jiuzhongxian is none other than Lu Yao!
Originally, Lao Chen only thought that Lu Yao was a young man who could do things. Unexpectedly, he was also famous for making wine. The owner of the restaurant said that this wine from Jiu Zhongxian was the best wine in Bianliang.
, this is already a recognized thing.
When Lao Chen heard this, he quickly asked about the price of Jiu Zhongxian's fine wine. However, as soon as he heard the price, Lao Chen gave up the idea of going to Jiu Zhongxian for a drink. Of course, so did the other drinkers at the same table.
Likewise, if their wallets were rich, they would not choose to drink in this restaurant.
Back to the present moment, the waiter who just came to deliver the food had already received Pan Wen's instructions, so before leaving, he specifically explained that these two bottles of wine were the wine from the Immortal of Wine, and they were of the highest alcohol content, fifty degrees.
Regarding fine wine, he warned Lao Chen, he must not drink it directly.
However, Lao Chen had no intention of listening to the boy's advice. Why was that? These wines and dishes were all bought by his son to honor him. If he was happy today, he would have a drink. There should be no problem. Fifty-percent white wine,
It’s not like I’ve never drank before. I can’t get drunk even after drinking a pot, let alone this one.
So, after his wife cleared the table, Lao Chen poured a glass of white wine and drank it in one gulp without waiting for dinner.
The subsequent effect of this can be imagined. Lao Chen felt that his throat was about to smoke. This was the first time he drank such high-purity liquor at his age. If this is the real
As for fifty-percent liquor, the ones I drank before were considered thirty-percent liquor at most.
After Lao Chen drank this glass, he waited for three minutes before he came back to his senses and gave a loud drink.
“Good wine!”
With this, I started to have dinner with my wife. Fan Lou's cooking skills are indeed well-deserved.
Lao Chen looked at the dishes on the table and found that his wife only filled half of each dish. After asking, he found out that his wife, Chen Chen's mother, wanted to save some dishes for Chen Chen to come back in the evening.
Chen didn't stop him.
Lu Mansion.
Today is Lu Yao's first day of retreat. Originally, Lu Yao would have thought that he didn't have to go out and run around every day. If he concentrated on reading, time would pass very slowly. Who knew, this time he would be immersed in the ocean of knowledge?
Time flies by so fast. If his mother hadn't called him at noon just now, Lu Yao would have almost missed lunch.
To talk about the Song Dynasty imperial examination, what are the books that must be read?
Among them, the first ones to bear the brunt should be "The Analects" and "Mencius".
Here, it is necessary to introduce some contents of The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, as well as their influence, so that everyone can understand why these two ancient books played a pivotal role in ancient times.
"The Analects of Confucius" is a collection of quotation-style prose that mainly records words and dialogues. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples in the form of quotations and dialogues. It embodies Confucius's political, aesthetic, moral ethics and utilitarian values.
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The content of "The Analects of Confucius" covers politics, education, literature, philosophy, and principles of life. There are 20 chapters and 492 chapters in the "Analects of Confucius", among which about 444 chapters record conversations between Confucius and his disciples, including conversations between Confucius and his disciples.
Words Chapter 48.
The title of "The Analects of Confucius" is usually taken from the first two characters at the beginning of the chapter; if the first two characters at the beginning are "Confucius said", skip the first two characters in the sentence; if the three characters at the beginning are one word,
Then take the first three characters. The title has no meaningful logical relationship with the chapters and can only be treated as page numbers.
"The Analects" is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of Confucius' disciples. As early as the late Spring and Autumn Period when Confucius set up a forum to lecture, the main content of "The Analects" was initially created; after Confucius's death, his disciples and re-disciples passed down his remarks from generation to generation.
, and gradually recorded the words and deeds of these oral recitations, so it is called "Lun"; "The Analects" mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, so it is called "Yu". Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty explained: "The speaker is a sage.
"The language, commentators, and discussions among Confucian scholars." In fact, "Lun" also means compilation. The so-called "Analects" refers to the compilation of the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. Its compiler is mainly Zhong Gong.
, Ziyou, Zixia, and Zigong were worried about the loss of their master's teachings, so they first discussed and drafted it in memory of their teacher. Then they completed it with the few disciples who stayed in Lu and the disciples who passed it on again.
Cui Shu, a scholar from the Qing Dynasty, noticed that there are differences in style and title between the ten chapters before and after the current version of The Analects. The first ten chapters record Confucius's answers to Duke Ding and Duke Ai's questions, and they are all called "Confucius's Answers" to show his respect for the emperor.
When answering the doctor's questions, he said "Zi Yue", which means that he is different from the king and "determines the will of the people by distinguishing between the superior and the bottom." Then in the next ten chapters, such as "Advance" and "Yan Yuan", he also said "Zi Yue" when answering the doctor's questions.
"Confucius said to him," so he suspected that "the first ten chapters all had sons. It was recorded by Zengzi's disciples that he was not far away from the saints and the etiquette system was clear. The last ten chapters were continued by later generations. At that time, the minister's position was respected and his rights were important."
, because there are people who are accustomed to the name in the world but have not studied its style in detail, so there cannot be similarities and differences." Another example is that in the first ten chapters, Confucius is generally called "Zi" and not "Confucius"
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, the disciples did not write "Ask Confucius" when asking about learning. Then among the next ten chapters, "Ji Shi" and "Weizi" are mostly called Confucius, "Yang Huo" chapter Zhang Wenren, and "Yao Yue" chapter Zhang Wenzheng are all called It is called "Ask to Confucius", which is different from other chapters of "The Analects of Confucius" in that "it is not the posthumous writings of Confucius, but only those written by others that were adopted by later generations." Influenced by Cui Shu, later scholars continued to learn from the ten chapters before and after the Analects of Confucius. The difference in terminology and title of each chapter makes a judgment on its completion. Some scholars even believe that "The Analects" originally only had a single chapter, and it was compiled into a book after the Han Dynasty.
Lu Deming of the Tang Dynasty quoted Zheng Xuan's annotation from "Classic Interpretation" as saying: "The Analects" was "written by Zhong Gong, Zi You, Zi Xia and others." This statement is supported by circumstantial evidence in Guodian Slips. Guodian No. 1 Tomb is no later than B.C. 300. Guodian Slips ""Yu Cong·3" briefly quotes "The Analects of Confucius", further confirming the early date of the book." "Yu Cong·1" quotes the contents of Zisizi's "Fang Ji", and "Fang Ji" also quotes The content of "The Analects" has been passed. "Yu Cong excerpts "Fang Ji", proving that "Fang Ji" is earlier than the end of the middle period of the Warring States Period, and "Fang Ji" also quotes "The Analects". It seems that "The Analects of Confucius" was written by a disciple of Confucius. The theory that Gong, Zixia and others wrote it is still credible." Among the disciples of Confucius, there are sons who represent Confucius and do what Confucius did. It is not surprising that he is called a son. The son refers to the teacher. In addition to inheriting the Confucian students, he also has control over the Confucian students. The meaning of disciple. In addition to Confucius, there are Zi, Zengzi, Ranzi, and Minzi. Minzi died young, so the only Confucian leader who studied under him was Zeng Shen. The only one who had a son in the old generation was Zengzi. Possibly. Although Yan Hui was respected, he died early and did not have time to accept disciples. It was not recorded by his disciples, so he was not called son. It may have been recorded by his family. The original constitution was carved with lacquer. Although he accepted disciples, he was called Zi Si Zi in the world. Qi Diao Zi, but what is recorded in The Analects of Confucius is not recorded by his disciples, so he is not called Zi. Most of them are mentioned by his brothers occasionally.
"The Analects of Confucius" is both a collection of quotations and a collection of fragments. The arrangement of these chapters does not necessarily make sense; even the two chapters before and after do not necessarily have any connection. Moreover, these fragments are definitely not written by one person. The book "The Analects of Confucius" is not long, but there are many repeated chapters. Some of the words and sentences are exactly the same, such as the chapter "Qiaoyan makes the color fresh and benevolent", which was first seen in "Xue Er Pian No. 1" and reappeared in "Yang Huo Chapter 17"; the chapter "Erudition in Wen" first appeared in "Yong Ye Chapter 6", and again in "Yan Yuan Chapter 12". There are also basically repetitions with slightly different details, such as In the chapter "A gentleman is not important", "Xue Er Chapter 1" contains eleven more characters, while in "Zihan Chapter 9" there are only 14 characters below "The Lord is loyal and faithful"; in the chapter "The Father is observing his ambition", "Zi Han Chapter 9" contains only 14 more words. "Xue Er Chapter 1" contains many crosses, and "Li Ren Chapter 4" only contains twelve characters below "three years". There is another meaning, but there are various records. For example, "Li Ren Chapter 4" says: " "If you don't worry, you don't know what you know, and you can do something about it." "Xian Wen Chapter 14" also says: "Don't worry if others don't know what you know, but if you don't know others, you don't know others." "Wei Ling Gong Chapter 15" also says: "A gentleman is sick and incompetent, because he is not sick and does not know it." If we add "A man who does not know but is stunned is not a gentleman" from "Xue Er Chapter 1", it is repeated four times. This phenomenon can only be used as A reasonable inference: Confucius' remarks were recorded by his disciples at that time, and were later compiled into books.
Of course, the authors of "The Analects" include students of Confucius. The chapters of "The Analects" were not only written by different students of Confucius, but also by his different disciples. Many of them are records of Zeng Shen's students. For example, "The Analects of Confucius" is written by his students.
Chapter 1 of "Tai Bo Chapter 8": "Zengzi was ill, so he summoned his disciples and said: 'Please give me your feet! Please give me your hands!' "Poetry" says, "Warring with fear is like facing an abyss or walking on thin ice. Now and from now on, I know how to avoid you!"
Boy!'" Another example is "Zi Zhang Chapter 19": "Zi Xia's disciples asked Zi Zhang. Zi Zhang said: 'What does Zi Xia mean?' He said to him: 'Zi Xia said: If you can, give it to me.
Those who cannot do it will be rejected.' Zi Zhang said: 'It is different from what I have heard: a gentleman respects the virtuous and tolerates others, praises the good but is restrained and incompetent. Why should I tolerate my great virtuous people? People will reject my unvirtuous ones.
How can I reject others?'" This passage is also like the records of Zizhang or Zixia's students. It is also like Chapters 5 and 13 of "Advanced Chapter 11": "Confucius said: 'You are filial.
Min Ziqian, people are not afraid of the words of their parents and their younger brothers.'" "Min Zi sat beside him, and he was like you; Zi Lu, Xing Xing Ru Ye; Ran You, Zigong, talked like Ru Ye. Zi Yue." Confucius called his students
We always call him by his first name, but here he calls Min Sun by his first name. Some people say that this is "the words of Confucius's contemporaries". Cui Shu refuted this explanation in "The Analects of Confucius". This chapter may be
Therefore, there is this inadvertent misrepresentation in what Min Sun's students recalled. As for the chapter "Min Zi Shi Side", not only is Min Zi Qian called "Zi", but he is also listed before Zi Lu, Ran You, and Zigong, which is difficult to say.
Understandably, in terms of age, Zi has the longest career path; in terms of official positions, Minzi cannot catch up with these three people. Why can he be at the top of this record and receive the honorific title of "Zi"? The reasonable inference is that
, this is also the result of Min Ziqian's students writing down the words they heard from their teacher.
The book "The Analects of Confucius" contains writings by Confucius's disciples, as well as writings by Confucius's disciples who passed it on, and their writings were written in different ages. Cui Shu's "Zhusi Xinlu" concluded that a few chapters of "The Analects" are "mixed". From the meaning of words,
The application can reflect that the writing sequence of "The Analects of Confucius" may be separated by more than thirty or fifty years.
As a Confucian classic, "The Analects" is broad, profound and all-encompassing. The thoughts of "The Analects" mainly have three categories that are both independent and closely dependent on each other: the ethical and moral category - benevolence, the social and political category - propriety, and the cognitive method category - Doctrine of the Mean.
.Benevolence, first of all, is a true state deep in the human heart. This true ultimate must be good. This overall state of truth and goodness is "benevolence". Confucius established the category of benevolence and then elaborated on etiquette as
Adapt to benevolence, express benevolence as a reasonable social relationship and norms for dealing with others, and then clarify the systematic method principle of "gold mean". "Benevolence" is the ideological core of "The Analects of Confucius".
The Analects of Confucius reflects the educational principles of Confucius. Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude and gave different teachings to different objects, taking into account their different qualities, advantages and disadvantages, and the specific conditions of moral cultivation, which showed the valuable spirit of tireless teaching. According to "Yan Yuan"
" records that when the same disciple asked about benevolence, Confucius had different answers. He replied to Yan Yuan, "Restraining oneself and returning to ritual is benevolence" (one of the manifestations of benevolence is to deny oneself and return to ritual, and not do something); to Zhong Gong, "Do what you don't want others to do."
"Don't do it to others" (In terms of the relationship between oneself and others, answer with the desire to give. Desire is the choice of the individual's subjective initiative, and giving is the practice of the individual's subjective initiative. In terms of good intentions and bad intentions, we must avoid doing things with good intentions.
If you do bad things, you must be careful); he replied to Sima Niu, "The words of a benevolent person are also scolding." Yan Yuan was highly educated, so he answered with the "benevolence" program, and to Zhong Gong and Sima Niu, he answered with details. Another example is Confucius' answer to Zi Luhe
Ran You asked the same question, but the content was completely different. Zi Lu's answer was: "Since my father and brother are here, why did I hear this and do it?" Because "You are also a person, so I retreated." Ran You's answer was: "He heard this and did it.
It’s because “seeking leads to retreat, so advance.” This is not only a matter of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, but also contains Confucius’ high sense of responsibility for his disciples.
"The Analects of Confucius" is mostly quotations, but they are all about rich meanings, and some sentences and chapters are vivid. For example, "Zeng Xiran You Gong Xihua Sitting at the Table" is not only longer in length, but also pays attention to description, which can be regarded as a narrative with a complete structure.
The characters have distinct images, and their ideological tendencies are naturally revealed through the characters' expressions, movements, and dialogues, and they have strong artistic quality.
Confucius is the center of description in "The Analects", "the style of the Confucius is overflowing with the maxims" ("Wen Xin Diao Long Zheng Sheng"); the book not only contains static descriptions of his manners and manners, but also contains information about his personality and temperament.
Lifelike portrayal. In addition, around the center of Confucius, "The Analects" also successfully portrays the images of some Confucian disciples. For example, Zi Lu is straightforward and reckless, Yan Hui is gentle and virtuous, Zigong is smart and eloquent, and Zeng Xi is unrestrained and refined.
Etc., they all have distinctive personalities and can leave a deep impression on others.
The main features of "The Analects of Confucius" are concise language, far-reaching meaning, and a graceful, gentle, and subtle style. In addition, it displays the characters in simple dialogues and actions. At the same time, the language is easy to understand and close to spoken language, which is also a feature
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The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucian classics. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", the Analects of Confucius has been respected as "the governing body of the Five Classics and the throat of the six arts". It is an important tool for studying Confucius and Confucianism, especially primitive
First-hand information on Confucianism. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Analects" and "Mencius" into the "Four Books", which increased their status in the Confucian classics. During the Yanyou period of the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial examination began to be
The "Four Books" were introduced to obtain scholars. From then on, until the Westernization Movement was implemented in the late Qing Dynasty and the imperial examination was abolished, "The Analects of Confucius" has always been the golden rule recommended and followed by scholars.
The Analects of Confucius entered the list of classics in the Tang Dynasty. "In the Tang Dynasty, there were "Zhou Rites", "Rites" and "Book of Rites" on rituals, and in the Spring and Autumn Period there were "Zuo Zhuan", "Gong Yang" and "Gu Liang", plus "
"The Analects of Confucius", "Erya" and "The Classic of Filial Piety", these are the Thirteen Classics." Zhao Pu, a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, once said that "half of the Analects of Confucius governs the world". This reflects from one aspect the role of this book in ancient Chinese society.
The role and influence are huge.
"The Analects" retains some people's criticisms and satires on Confucius's masters and disciples, some of which were refuted, and some of which were not answered. The refutations and arguments have a great influence on later generations, such as "Answering a Guest" is set as a question and answer session between the host and the guest.
The short poems on argument are all inspired by "The Analects of Confucius"; the self-mocking part expresses Confucian affirmation of self-worth and praises the positive and enterprising spirit of "knowing that something cannot be done but doing it".
The Analects of Confucius was written in the early Warring States period. Because Qin Shihuang burned books and harassed Confucians (called magicians in ancient times, who were good at sacrifices, fortune-telling, etc.), by the Western Han Dynasty there were only oral transmissions and the notebooks obtained from the wall of Confucius' residence. There are three types
Different versions: twenty chapters of the "Analects of Lu" orally transmitted by the Lu people; twenty-two chapters of the "Analects of Qi" orally transmitted by the Qi people. Many of the chapters and sentences in the twenty chapters are the same as those of the "Analects of Lu", but more "Questions" are included.
"King" and "Zhi"; twenty-one chapters of "Analects" (i.e. "Ancient Analects") discovered from the wall of Confucius' residence do not include "Asking the King" and "Knowing", but "Yao" is included in the twenty-one chapters.
The "Zi Zhang Wen" in "Yue Pian" is divided into another chapter, so there are two "Zi Zhang Pian". The chapters are also different from those of "Qi Lun" and "Lu Lun", with more than 400 characters in different texts.
"The Analects of Lu" and "The Analects of Qi" were originally handed down by their respective teachers. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Yu, the Marquis of Anchang, first studied the "Analects of Lu" and later the "Analects of Qi", so the two volumes were merged into one, but the chapters were "The Analects of Lu" was used as the basis, and "the harvest was settled", and another treatise was formed, called "Lun on Zhanghou". Zhang Yu was the master of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty and was extremely noble at that time, so his book was the most popular among Confucian scholars at that time. The "Xiping Stone Classic" engraved by Emperor Ling of the Later Han Dynasty used the "Zhanghou"
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"On". This book became the authoritative reading at that time. According to the "Hanshu·Zhang Yu Biography" records: "Confucian scholars said: 'If you want to write the 'On', read Zhang Wen.' Therefore, scholars mostly followed the Zhang family and the Yu family. "The Analects of Qi" and "The Ancient Analects" were soon lost. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan also used "The Analects of Zhanghou" as the base text, and referred to "The Analects of Qi" and "The Ancient Analects" to write the "Analects of Confucius", and thus became the final version of the "Analects of Confucius". .
After talking about the Analects, let's look at "Mencius" again.
"Mencius" is a classic work of Confucianism. In the middle of the Warring States Period, Mencius and his disciples Wan Zhang, Gongsun Chou, etc. were first seen in Zhao Qi's "Mencius Inscription": "This book was written by Mencius, so it is always called "Mencius"" ."Mencius" was listed as one of the "Four Books" by Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty (the other three are "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "The Analects of Confucius").
"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" contains eleven chapters of "Mencius", seven of which are now in fourteen volumes. The total number is more than 35,000 words and 260 chapters. It is said that there are also four chapters of "Mencius's Wai Shu", which have been lost (today). This "Mencius Waishu" is a forged work by Yao Shiliang of the Ming Dynasty). The book records the political, educational, philosophical, ethical and other ideological views and political activities of Mencius and his disciples. The ancient examination mainly tested the "Four Books" and the "Five Classics".
Mencius was born about a hundred years after the death of Confucius (479 BC). Regarding his life experience, very little has been handed down. "Han Shi Wai Zhuan" contains the story of his mother's "broken weaving", and "Biography of Lienu" contains There are stories about his mother's "three moves" and "departure to Qi", which shows that he benefited from his mother's education a lot. According to "Biography of Lienu" and Zhao Qi's "Mencius Inscription", Mencius was taught by Confucius' grandson Si. However, it seems unreliable based on the chronology. "Historical Records·Biography of Mencius and Xunqing" says that he "received his career from Zisi's disciples", which is possible. Whether he received his career from Zisi or from Zisi's disciples, Mencius' The doctrines were all influenced by Confucius' thoughts. Therefore, Xunzi classified Zisi and Mencius into the same school, which was later called the Simi-Mencius school in Confucianism.
Like Confucius, Mencius also led students to travel to Wei, Qi, Song, Lu, Teng, Xue and other countries, and once served as a guest of King Xuan of Qi. Since his political ideas were not reused like Confucius's, he returned to He went to his hometown to gather disciples to give lectures, and wrote a book with his student Wan Zhang and others. He "prefaced "Poetry" and "Book", described Zhongni's meaning, and wrote seven chapters of "Mencius" ("Historical Records: Biography of Mencius and Xunqing") The seven chapters of "Mencius" we have seen are divided into upper and lower chapters, about 35,000 words, and a total of 260 chapters.
However, "Hanshu. Yiwenzhi" records "Eleven Chapters of Mencius", which is four more than the existing "Mencius". When Zhao Qi wrote annotations for "Mencius", he identified the eleven chapters and believed that seven of them were It is true, and four chapters except seven are false. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, these chapters were lost one after another. Zhao Qi compared "Mencius" with "The Analects of Confucius" in "Mencius' Inscription" and believed that "Mencius" is the " "It was written in imitation of the saints." Therefore, although "Hanshu. Literary Records" only placed "Mencius" among the philosophers and regarded it as a book of Confucius, in fact, in the minds of the Han Dynasty people, it had been regarded as an auxiliary "classical book". "The "biography" book.
Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty assigned doctors to each of the Analects of Confucius, the Classic of Filial Piety, Mencius, and Erya, and they were called "doctors of biography." By the time of the Later Shu in the Five Dynasties, Meng Chang, the leader of the Later Shu, ordered eleven classics to be carved on stone in regular script, including
This may be the beginning of the inclusion of "Mencius" in the "Book of Classics". Later, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty reprinted these eleven classics. By the time of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi compiled the "Four Books" and included it in "Mencius", officially including "Mencius".
"Mencius" mentioned a very high status. It became a content of the imperial examination in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and it is a must-read book for scholars.
"Mencius" is a book with seven chapters in total. It is a collection of Mencius' remarks during the Warring States Period. It records Mencius' debates with other schools of thought, his words and deeds to his disciples, and his lobbying of princes. It was jointly compiled by Mencius and his disciples (Wan Zhang, etc.)
"Mencius" records Mencius's thoughts on governing the country, political strategies (benevolent government, the distinction between kings and hegemons, people-centeredness, caring about the emperor's wrong intentions, and the people are noble and the country is inferior to the king) and political actions. It was written around the Warring States Period.
In the middle period, it belongs to Confucian classics.
The starting point of his theory is the theory of human nature and the rule of virtue. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined "Mencius", "The Analects", "Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" together to call it the "Four Books". Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, they have regarded it as the "Four Books".
Books that are passed down from family to family, just like our textbooks.
"Mencius" is the longest and heaviest of the four books, with more than 35,000 words. It was a required part of the imperial examination until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The theory of "Mencius" is not only purely comprehensive, but the articles are also
It is extremely powerful and beautiful. (Five Classics: "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn") "Mencius" is a work that records Meng Ke's words and deeds, and is also one of the important Confucian classics. The chapters include: (1) "
"King Hui of Liang" (Part 1, Part 2), (2) "Gongsun Chou" (Part 1 and Part 3), (3) "Teng Wengong" (Part 1 and part 2), (4) "Li Lou" (Part 1 and part 2), (5) "Wan Zhang" (Part 1),
The writing of "Mencius" is majestic, full of emotions, eloquent and highly contagious. It has been passed down to later generations and has far-reaching influence, becoming one of the classic works of Confucianism.
"Historical Records·Biography of Mencius": "Mencius did not agree with what he said, so he retreated to Wan Zhang's preface "Poetry" and "Book", describing Zhongni's meaning, and wrote seven chapters of "Mencius"." It is called "Mencius" seven chapters.
It was written by Mencius himself, and Zhao Qi's "Mencius Inscription" said: "This book is written by Mencius, so it is generally called "Mencius"." He also said: "So he retreated to discuss the collection, and gave it to his younger brother Gongsun Chou, Wan Zhang.
When his disciples had difficulty answering questions, he also wrote his own words about the laws and regulations, and wrote seven chapters." This is also written by Mencius himself.
Yan Ruoyu of the Qing Dynasty also wrote "The Examination of Mencius's Life and Death Years" based on Mencius's own opinion, and said: "The Analects was written in the hands of a disciple, so the appearance of the saint is well recorded. Seven chapters were written in my own hands, so I only remember the words or sources.
." However, according to "Mencius", Mencius saw that the kings of his time were such as King Hui of Liang, King Xiang of Liang, King Xuan of Qi, Duke Zou Mugong, Duke Wen of Teng, Duke Ping of Lu, etc. They were all given posthumous titles, which may not have been done by Mencius himself.
It is also recorded that Mencius's disciples Yue Zhengzi, Gongduzi, and Wuluzi were all called "Zi", which was definitely not done by Mencius. The compiler was most likely a disciple of Mencius. The book was written around the middle of the Warring States Period.
The language of "Mencius" is clear, plain and simple, and at the same time concise and accurate. As a prose, "Mencius" is good at argumentation, more artistic expression, and has the nature of literary prose. The argumentative essays in it cleverly use logical reasoning.
Method, Mencius skillfully used analogical reasoning, often playing hard to get, repeatedly asking questions, and using circuitous ways to lead the other party into his own preset conclusions, such as "The Second Story of King Hui of Liang".
Awesomeness is an important stylistic feature of the prose of "Mencius". This style originates from the strength of Mencius's personality. People with this awe-inspiring aura can overwhelm their opponents spiritually, despise political power, and despise material greed.
Extraordinary, upright, selfless and fearless. "Mencius" uses a lot of rhetorical techniques such as couplets and refrains to enhance the momentum of the article and make it majestic, like a river, no one can control it.
There are many main points of doctrine in Mencius.
Political thought: People-centered theory: Mencius pointed out that "the people are the most valuable, the country is the second most important, and the king is the least important." He believed that the government should protect the interests of the people, and the monarch should take care of the people as a prerequisite. Therefore, the mandate of heaven lies in the hearts of the people and not in the monarch.
If the monarch is dishonest, the people can overthrow him; but if the monarch has a purpose, the people should stick to their posts.
Faxian kings: Mencius advocated that benevolent government must imitate the royal way of the previous kings (Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Chengwang, Zhou Gong) in governing politics, so that benevolent government can be implemented in the world.
Benevolent Government and Kingly Way: Mencius advocated that to implement benevolent government, one must first have a benevolent heart, and then implement benevolent government. Mencius believed that people have intolerance, so they have intolerable government. Benevolent government is a must-have condition for those who unify the world. And the specifics of benevolent government
The expression is the kingly way to enable the country to provide the people with a peaceful and contented life. We must implement the kingly way and respect the virtuous and the capable.
The concept of moral governance: Confucius’s theory of “benevolence” is a conscious morality; Mencius’s “benevolence” also has the function of education. The monarch should cultivate virtue, which is a condition for implementing benevolent government, so he advocates that “the virtuous govern”
.Oppose hegemony. Mencius advocates benevolent government that persuades people with virtue, and opposes hegemony that conquers people by force. The purpose is to alleviate the suffering of people's livelihood and ease social conflicts. Therefore, Mencius advocates "kingly politics" and opposes hegemony. Restoring the well field system Mencius believes that
The ideal economic system is the "well field system". The "well field system" means that the land is publicly owned by the state, and the state grants the land to the people for farming. However, the people also have to help cultivate the public land and pay taxes. Therefore, the farmers have "permanent output" (constantly fixed).
If there is land, the country will be stable.
Educational views: Mencius believed that "to acquire the world's talents and educate them", he advocated personality and moral education. He said: "Teaching in accordance with the rules and regulations, and applying the meaning of filial piety and brotherhood". Moreover, Mencius believed that self-cultivation is the basis of study, but
He also believes that people's good nature cannot be cultivated from the outside (education can only play a role in influencing others, and it must ultimately be achieved by one's own thinking. In terms of self-cultivation methods, he advocates free development and taking advantage of the situation.
In addition, Mencius also attached great importance to the learning environment. Only by placing students in a good environment and providing spontaneous education can they succeed. The influence of Mencius' theory on later generations inspired Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties. Mencius proposed the "study of the inner sage" and pointed out that human nature is
To be kind, as long as everyone expands their good nature, suppresses their materialistic nature, and reflects on themselves. This introspective cultivation method has become the mainstream of Confucianism in later generations. Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Lu Jiuyuan, Wang Yangming and other Neo-Confucianists of the Song and Ming Dynasties all inherited it.
Mencius's teachings on this aspect.
People-centered thought: Mencius’ people-centered thought and benevolent government are all based on the support of the people. This revolutionary theory has become the original idea of traditional Chinese political theory. Although this theory lacks the spirit of modern democracy, it has become an important part of the traditional governance system.
, the rational origin of suppressing monarchy. Mencius's proposition of "creating property for the people" has become the highest ideal of economic systems in the past dynasties, such as the land equalization system of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
"The people are most valuable, the country is second, and the king is the least important." Mencius believed that the monarch should protect the people first, and those in power should protect the people's rights. Mencius agreed that if the monarch is unjust, the people have the right to overthrow the government. For this reason, "
"Book of Han" and "Yi Wen Zhi" only placed "Mencius" in the summary of various scholars and regarded it as a book of Confucius, which did not get its due status. By the time of Later Shu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Meng Chang, the leader of Later Shu, ordered people to regular script "Eleventh
"Classics" were carved on stone, including "Mencius". This may be the beginning of "Mencius" being included in the "Book of Classics". By the time of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi combined "Mencius" with "The Analects", "Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean".
Together they were called the "Four Books" and became one of the "Thirteen Classics", and the status of "Mencius" was pushed to its peak. Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was dissatisfied with Mencius' people-oriented thinking and ordered people to delete relevant content in "Mencius".
It seems that what Lu Yao wants to learn is indeed a huge knowledge system.
