Then Shang Yi immediately struck while the iron was hot and announced the establishment of people's communes in Majiazhai and 17 surrounding villages.
In fact, the people's commune system was conceived by Shang Yi as early as when he was in Shandong. It was a grassroots organizational system established in rural areas. At the same time, this was also another key task after the capture of Majiazhai. Once the people in Majiazhai were If the pilot project of the commune system proves to be effective, it will serve as the rural grassroots organizational system within the scope of its own control in the future.
In another time and space, the people's commune system existed for a total of twenty-seven years from 1958 to 1985 when it was officially abolished. However, until Shang Yi traveled through time, the people's commune system still existed in very few special areas.
The people's commune is a production and operation model based on rural production teams. It is also a system that integrates government and society. It is both a rural political unit and a rural production and operation entity. The commune actually replaces the township-level political power, and the commune The secretary is not only responsible for party affairs, but also manages industrial and agricultural production, civil affairs and other affairs.
Judging from subsequent evaluations, the pros and cons of the people's commune system are very obvious. From the pros and cons, the twenty-seven years under the people's commune system have been the most effective control of the grassroots rural society and farmers in the history of the Chinese government. In the past twenty-seven years, the situation of nearly two thousand years of ancient China in which the political power did not go to the countryside and where powerful clans controlled the power at the grassroots level in rural areas was basically eliminated. On the downside, due to the excessive and lenient control of the communes, The institutions were expanded, the system was rigid, and the distribution system was too even, which made members less motivated to produce. As a result, the actual agricultural productivity of each labor force continued to decline. The later it became, the more obvious it became.
However, judging from historical experience, in the early days of the founding of the Celestial Dynasty, when there were many wastes waiting to be renovated, economic development was slow, productivity levels were backward, and the cultural quality of the people was low, the people's commune system did play a role in concentrating efforts on major tasks and stabilizing social order. Rural primary medical services, popular education, agricultural irrigation, mechanization, etc. have all achieved great development during this period. However, after the national order stabilized and productivity and cultural quality have developed significantly, the people's communes The limitations of the system were magnified step by step, until it had to be abolished.
It can be said that the establishment and abolition of the people's commune system are historical necessity, and there is no right or wrong issue.
However, the high concentration of power under the people's commune system, the strong control over human and material resources, and the effective control over the agricultural grassroots are extremely attractive to Shang Yi's current development. It can be said that at this stage, In theory, the benefits of the people's commune system outweigh the disadvantages. Moreover, in another time and space, at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the productivity level was not much higher than it is now. Therefore, the people's commune system could be implemented at that time and it can be implemented now. Of course, people's communes Whether the system is really useful depends on the effect after trial implementation. Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.
At the same time, Shang Yi does not intend to completely copy the people's commune system from another time and space. After all, what he values is not agricultural production but civil administration. He just hopes that the people's commune system can effectively integrate rural administration, people's livelihood, public security, education, The military was integrated together to form a rural grassroots organization that could be effectively controlled and completely dependent on itself. In order to improve the people's commune system, agricultural productivity continued to decline. Shang Yi also discussed with everyone and combined with some modifications in later generations, formulated The new people's commune system emerged.
First of all, Shang Bang determined that the people's commune system is a brand-new rural grassroots administration. It accepts the leadership of the Civil Affairs Department under Shang Yi in terms of structure, and the leadership of various professional departments in specific matters. The people's commune system is administratively under the jurisdiction of Haiyan County
, but at the beginning of the establishment of the commune, the Civil Affairs Department was still under direct management and would be transferred later. The main specific provisions are:
First, this people's commune was named the First People's Commune, and Majiazhai was renamed Majia Village, which became the institutional residence of the First People's Commune. The commune management system adopts a three-level management: commune-village-member group. The member group is the most basic
In a unit, every ten to fifteen households form a group, with a chief and deputy group leader responsible for conveying government orders, supervising, and leading, supervising and managing the work of the members.
A village is a higher-level political power. The population of each village must be more than 300 but less than 500 households. If the household registration is insufficient, it will be merged with other villages based on the principle of proximity. It will have a village committee, a village chief, and deputy
There is a village chief and a clerk. The village committee consists of a production brigade, a militia group, a women's group, and an livestock machinery and equipment group. It manages the production organization of the whole village, dispatches management, militia training, and uniformly uses large agricultural machinery and livestock.
The village committee is elected by the village itself, with one vote per household, and is renewed every three years. The election will be carried out under the supervision of the commune. A vote of confidence is held for the village committee every year. If 60% of the votes are not reached, the village committee will be re-elected.
meeting.
The highest-level administrative unit of the commune has a series of administrative and science, education, culture and health departments such as the social department, finance department, production department, publicity department, militia team, women's federation, health station, and school. The management personnel of the commune are appointed by the Civil Affairs Department.
In the future, it will be gradually handed over to local county governments for management. However, there is still a lack of sufficient professionals and it can only be gradually improved.
Second, the commune adopts the household registration system. The household is the basic unit. Production, distribution, and taxation are also based on the household. Singles must also start their own businesses. Registered persons
Everyone, regardless of gender, old or young, is called "communist member". Among the members, men aged 18 to 45 and women aged 18 to 40 are called the entire labor force. Those aged 13 to 17 and 46 to 60 are
Men aged 13 to 17 and women aged 46 to 55 are called semi-workforce. Those who are not in this age group are called auxiliary labor force.
In the commune, members will enjoy free rights to housing, schooling, medical care, etc. However, they also have obligations such as working, joining the militia, and enlisting in the army. In principle, every man and woman in the semi-labor force and full labor force, unless they recruit workers, join the army, or go to school,
All must participate in the commune’s designated labor dispatch
, During the period of work, the commune is responsible for the meals of the members. When working in other places, accommodation will also be provided, and corresponding wages will be given according to the employment situation. If the auxiliary labor force is willing to participate in the dispatched work and can complete it, they can also receive wages.
However, there are no specific regulations on work hours.
During non-working hours, members of the commune can arrange their own work without interference from the commune.
Third, the land will be remeasured and redistributed. Each household will be allocated thirty acres of basic land based on the standard of four people. Each additional full-time laborer will be given an additional two acres, and each additional half-laborer will be given an additional one mu. However, if
Thirty-six acres is the upper limit. If it is less than the standard of four people, it is calculated as four people.
If the family has a large number of people, they can divide the family, add household loans, and obtain allocated land. However, it is also stipulated that only married couples are given land when the family is divided. Single men and women who separate the family can set up household registration, but they cannot enjoy the allocated land.
, you must wait until you get married before you can distribute the land.
If the family owns land and has a land deed, the commune will recognize it. If there is no land deed, as long as the commune investigation is true, it will be recognized. If the land is less than 30 acres, the land will be added to the basic land of 30 acres and enjoy
If the land exceeds 30 acres and is less than 40 acres, the basic land will not be allocated, but you can still enjoy the land bonus. The upper limit is ten acres. If the land exceeds 40 acres, no land will be allocated.
The allocated land is private land for each household, and is collectively called private land. Half of what is planted on the private land is decided by the household head himself, and half is designated by the commune. However, the tax will be calculated based on the total amount of land on the private land, and the private land can also be inherited.
, leasing, buying and selling, and transferring. However, legal procedures must be followed, otherwise it will be deemed invalid.
In addition, Yancun will not participate in the land allocation and will make separate arrangements.
Fourth, before the remaining land is distributed, it is public land. The village committee of each village organizes social group personnel to uniformly assign workers to cultivate it. The income is distributed on a three-thirds basis, that is, one-third is handed over to the government and three-thirds.
One of the funds is handed over to the commune as wages for the workers assigned to the commune. For other departments and welfare funds, one-third is retained by the village and uniformly allocated and used by the village committee. However, the use of allocated funds by the commune and the village quarterly meeting must be clearly stated
Be open to the public, submit a financial statement every month, and accept the supervision of all members.
5. The newly reclaimed wasteland will be divided into two types. One is the unified organization of the commune for reclamation and production. Such land is owned by the merchants and the army, and the output is distributed on a three-third basis. The wasteland reclaimed by the commune members themselves is owned by each household.
Income must be reported to the commune for filing before land reclamation and used as the basis for each household's taxation. Otherwise, the commune will not recognize it.
Compared with the people's commune system in another time and space, Shang Yi basically gave up on the two biggest features, "big" and "public", mainly citing the organizational and administrative structure of the people's commune, and at the same time, he did not collect all the land as
Publicly owned, commune ownership of a single means of production has been implemented, while private land and considerable autonomy have been reserved for farmers. In the distribution system, the wage system and the supply system have not been combined, and the principle of distribution according to work is still used. The more work, the more
have to.
Of course, these changes are based on Shang Yi's subsequent reform and improvement measures of the people's commune system in another time and space. Although these measures cannot fundamentally change the shortcomings of the people's commune system, on the basis of retaining the people's commune's ability to concentrate its strength,
It can still fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers and is much more flexible than the original system.
Of course, these five-point regulations are only a general framework. There are many details below, such as the scope of authority of communes and village committees, the welfare benefits and obligations that members can enjoy, etc. Because it is too cumbersome, Shang Yi did not present it at the conference.
It will be announced in the form of a document and will be sent down to the village committees of the villages below the commune.