To the gathered Belarusian family members, each person was given a war certificate indicating a certain amount of flour, sugar, grease and other materials they could receive each month. The Soviet Union specially issued war certificates to military families during the wartime economic control period.
After receiving the supply vouchers, they all were left in the centralized military camp without taking any of them away.
All these old people, women, and children were thrown to the Anti-Union personnel who were in charge of the handover at the time and were dumbfounded by the Soviets' move. Seeing the actions of the Soviets who came to receive this batch of Belarusians, no matter how many times the Anti-Union handover personnel negotiated,
The Soviets only responded to Moscow's orders, as long as they were suitable for military service and those on the special list.
As for those Soviet expatriates who have little use value to them now and need to be kept under special custody when they return, the Soviet side, which is currently engaged in a brutal war, is really unable to accept them all, and has asked Chinese comrades to help take care of them for a period of time. After the war is over, the Soviet side will
We will choose the right time to receive these compatriots back home.
As for the material supply vouchers that the Soviets issued to the old, weak, women and children after the young and strong men were taken away, it was just to appease the military morale of those who were taken away. As for the one with the seal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Far East Military Region,
It turns out that supplies sufficient for a three-year ration can only be used within the Soviet Union as stated in the material supply voucher.
In a foreign country like Harbin, the Soviets did not worry about where to get necessary daily necessities. This material supply voucher was not recognized at all within the Anti-Japanese Alliance base area. The North Manchu Anti-Union base area was the Anti-Japanese War base area.
It was defeated by the Soviet Union itself, and it is not a puppet state of the Soviet Union. It has no obligation or responsibility to bear these burdens even when it is facing difficulties of its own.
Although the number of Belarusians numbering tens of thousands is not a large number, over time, the supplies needed to feed these people will become a large amount for the Anti-Japanese Alliance. The Soviets’ intentions are obvious.
With family members who are fighting in the country to keep them in check, these people cannot escape even if they want to.
And when the Soviet Union itself was in extremely difficult times, these people were still allowed to be fed by the Anti-Japanese Alliance first to reduce the burden on the Soviet people. Therefore, the Soviets only took away people who were suitable for military service this time, and even the general international
Nationality and customs were not taken into account, and the Sino-Soviet mixed-race people also had to forcibly ask for it. But those old, weak, women and children were left to the Anti-Japanese Alliance. Anyway, the Chinese comrades would not let them starve to death.
After several negotiations with the Soviets but ignored them at all, the Northeast Bureau could only send these people back to their homes in Harbin. Otherwise, what else could they do? Leave those old, weak, women and children in that military camp
Don't care about it and let them fend for themselves there?
Naturally, the Anti-Japanese Alliance could not recognize the material supply cards provided by the Soviets. However, when the Soviet Union agreed to offset part of the debt owed to the Soviet Union, it was considered acquiescence. However, these matters about Belarus returning to China did not occur until after the war.
Complete solution.
However, although the two sides reached an agreement on the issue of personnel exchange that they could generally abide by, apart from this matter, there were constant disputes over other matters during the exchange. There were even several times where
When it comes to key issues, because the two sides refused to give in, it came to the point where the Anti-Japanese Alliance wanted to disarm the regiment of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs that entered Harbin to take over.
In fact, the biggest disagreement between the two sides on this matter was not the placement of the old, weak, women and children, but the Orthodox clergy distributed throughout Harbin. Yang Zhen was worried that the Soviets would use these clergy as a tool to break into the resistance after the Belarusian evacuation.
They are a wedge within the base area, so they insist on repatriating them all or exerting influence on the base area.
There is no precedent for using religious issues to attack other countries, and the Soviets have done it before. When the Soviets intervened in Xinjiang, they used some religious excuses. Although they were in Central Asia, they did not attack China.
The original religion of the sub-ethnic people adopted a high-pressure policy.
But this does not prevent them from using religion as an excuse to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. In order to completely cut off the Soviet Union's excuse to interfere in the Anti-Japanese War, Yang Zhen firmly demanded that all Orthodox clergy in the North Manchu base be handed over.
Give to the Anti-League.
Although Yang Zhen is a person who values freedom of religious belief and does not interfere with religious beliefs, he is quite wary and sensitive to other countries using religion as an excuse to interfere in his internal affairs. Especially the Orthodox Church in the North Manchu base area and the Soviet Union
The Orthodox Church in the country has not completely severed ties.
On the surface, they are independent of the Soviet Church, but in fact the connection is quite close. In fact, without the support of the Soviets, these Orthodox churches cannot exist at all. Even during the Japanese occupation, the Japanese were more or less dependent on these Orthodox churches.
There was a shadow of the Soviet Union behind it, and strict restrictions were imposed on it, strictly prohibiting the Harbin Orthodox Church from developing believers among Chinese people.
Therefore, Yang Zhen requested that all Russian clergymen of the Orthodox Church in Northern Manchuria be repatriated to the country, except for three who were retained in Harbin to continue serving the Belarusians who stayed in the base area. The three people who stayed in Harbin, the Soviet Union
Aspects may not be replaced until the end of the war.
The Soviet Union is not allowed to continue to provide financial assistance to the remaining clergy and churches. The Northeast People's Government will allocate a part of the financial funds every year for its activities and church maintenance. In exchange, the Anti-Japanese Alliance will not interfere with the Chinese people.
The issue of faith of Orthodox Christians in the Middle East. This is Yang Zhen’s firm attitude and it is also an attitude that cannot be changed.
But for the Soviets, they had already received an order to exclude all Russian Orthodox clergy except the old, weak, women and children. It is obvious that the Soviet Union, which is currently engaged in war with all its strength, is also worried that these people will cause trouble for them when they return.
.Although many Orthodox churches in the Northeast have Soviet influence behind them.
However, it is one thing to put them in China, and it is another thing to bring them back to the country. Even because it is currently in the war period, the Soviet Union has appropriately relaxed its control and suppression of the domestic Orthodox Church in order to boost morale, but they obviously do not
I hope these clergy will return home.
Since the Soviet Union is now unable to take care of how to deal with these people, it is safer to keep them in China. At least they don't have to worry about them causing trouble after returning to China. As for whether there are other reasons for keeping these clergy in China, that is
Yang Zhen doesn’t know yet.
In the end, Yang Zhen got angry and warned the Soviets who came to accept them not to take these people away, not to take away any White Russians they needed. Only then did the Soviets agree to accept all the clergy repatriated by the Anti-Japanese Federation. As for these leaders in the Soviet Union
No one knows what happened to the staunch anti-Soviet element after he returned to China, and for Yang Zhen, he didn't even want to know.
Not only the transfer of clergy, but also the confrontation and conflicts between the two countries. The Soviets even forced the transfer of all the mixed-race children of White Russians who had been exiled to China, married to Chinese and had reached the so-called military service age.
to the Soviet Union.
This is in line with the original plan of the Anti-Japanese League, which provided procedures for the offspring of these transnational marriages to have freedom of movement, consider themselves to be Soviet citizens, and are willing to return to the Soviet Union. For those who consider themselves to be Chinese and do not want to return to the Soviet Union, the Anti-Japanese League will provide
Chinese nationality, and local resettlement, except for certain restrictions on employment, the rest are subject to certain conflicts in accordance with the policy of equal treatment for Chinese people.
There were also a lot of troubles when it came to handing over those Poles who were determined not to go to the Soviet Union, but were determined to go to the United States or stay in the Northeast. After several secret negotiations, mutual threats and countless private exchanges, the whereabouts of these people
Only then can it be solved step by step.
The Soviet Union no longer requires these Poles to resolutely go to the Soviet Union, but can allow them to transfer to Europe and the United States via mainland China. However, the Anti-Japanese Alliance must ensure that these Poles are sent away in the shortest possible time, and there must be no anti-Soviet opposition in China.
things, or publish some anti-Soviet remarks.
As for the more than 1,000 Jews who stayed in Harbin compared to the Polish expatriates, the Soviets did not ask too much about it. The Anti-Japanese Federation refused to hand over, but they did not insist on it. They only asked the Anti-Japanese Federation to restrict their speech and not prohibit it.
They participated in or initiated anti-Soviet activities. Others did not make as many demands as they did with those Poles.
Although the Soviet Union gave up its demands on the Poles, it insisted on transferring all the expatriates from the three Baltic countries to the Soviets. Although there were only a hundred or so expatriates from the three former Baltic countries in the Anti-Japanese Anti-Japanese Base Area in North Manchuria, and most of them were
They moved here with Belarus, but the Soviets did not let these people go.
When the Soviets asked for Belarus, they handed over a detailed list of names, including newborn babies, to the Anti-Japanese Alliance and asked them all to return to the country. When it came to treating the expatriates from the three Baltic countries, the Soviets had an unprecedentedly tough attitude.
Far more than tough on the Poles.
After secret negotiations and intrigues, the Soviet Union finally gave up its demands on this group of Jews. The Anti-Japanese Alliance also agreed to treat the expatriates from the three Baltic countries as Soviet expatriates and repatriate them all. Maybe they knew what they might encounter after returning to the Soviet Union.
Expatriates from the three Baltic countries boarded the train with tears in their eyes.
Yang Zhen had nothing to do with the Soviet Union's tough attitude. He could only find a way to detain these middle-aged expatriates under the pretext of intermarriage with Chinese people under the nose of the Soviet consulate, which closely monitored these people.
Women, and all children, were protected.
After receiving the request from the Soviets and under the secret request of their superiors, the civil affairs systems of the Anti-Japanese Federation in various places handled divorce procedures for those people at an unprecedented speed. And within the shortest possible time, these people who were now
Stateless Personnel applied for Chinese nationality and found new husbands for them to build new families in the shortest possible time.
Those expatriates from the three countries who knew the outcome of going to the Soviet Union, under the work of the leaders of their respective societies who had been secretly notified in advance by the Anti-Japanese League, silently accepted the Anti-Japanese League's approach in order to ensure the lives of their families. Except for a few who were emotionally determined and were willing to marry their husbands
Except for the women who went to the Soviet Union to live and die together, most of the women among this group of expatriates were protected in disguise by the anti-Union resistance.
Faced with Yang Zhen's resolute attitude, he may have achieved his goal, or he may think that the remaining women and children cannot pose a threat. The Soviets, who have always emphasized eradication in ethnic policies, made a rare concession this time.
Regarding this approach of the Anti-Japanese Alliance, after receiving Yang Zhen's assurance that these people would not be sent to a third country, but could only stay in China for life. At the same time, they and their descendants would not be allowed to do anything in China.
After the anti-Soviet activities, the Soviets did not pursue the case.
Except for these women and children who were deliberately protected by Yang Zhen, the rest, especially the expatriate leaders named by the Soviet Union, were eventually repatriated to the Soviet Union together with the Czech expatriates who volunteered to go to the Soviet Union in Harbin to form a Czech Legion to serve in the liberation of the motherland.