The term "Revolution of 1911" refers first to the revolution of the year of 1911.
But now it is ten years ahead of schedule, in 1901, which should be called the Xin Chou Revolution.
However, the main participants were basically the same as those in the Revolution of 1911, including Yuan Shikai, Li Yuanhong, Chen Jiongming and others.
Since the Boxer Rebellion broke out in 1900, leading to the invasion of the Eight-Power Allied Forces, although with the help of the Far East Group, it successfully defeated the Eight-Power Allied Forces.
But within the late Qing government, almost all the stubborn conservative forces were severely hit. Although Li Ningyu and Far East did not carry out reforms domestically, some domestic forces had begun to call for it.
Empress Dowager Cixi also completely stepped down from the stage of history after the Eight-Nation Allied Forces incident. Therefore, Emperor Guangxu, who regained power, agreed to start implementing the reform plan proposed in the Reform Movement of 1898, which was the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty. One of the largest policies was
It was Guangxu who abolished the imperial examination system that had lasted for 1,300 years and began to build new-style schools throughout the country. Currently, there are more than 30,000 new-style schools in the country.
After the abolition of the imperial examination, a large number of traditional literati who originally wanted to participate in the imperial examination to seek official positions suddenly lost their way out.
In the last years of the late Qing government, the old-style army mainly consisted of the Eight Banners and the Green Camp, which had proven to have lost its combat effectiveness in several incidents.
So after the Eight-Power Allied Forces incident, the late Qing government decided to carry out a comprehensive reform of the army. The first step was to train a new army in 36 towns across the country to replace the Eight Banners, Green Camp and local defense camps. Among them was the Beiyang New Army.
Junlu Town was directly under the jurisdiction of the late Qing government and was compiled and expanded by Yuan Shikai.
In the remaining provinces, the local governors and governors are responsible for training the New Army. At the same time, in order to train the officers of the New Army, many New Army schools have been opened in various places. The New Army in some places employs a large number of foreign students as officers, but the number of foreign students in the Beiyang New Army is extremely low.
Well, the late Qing government was mainly afraid of losing military power.
In fact, the late Qing government had its own reforms before, such as the Westernization Movement from 1861 to 1895, the Reform Movement from 1895 to 1898, and the third major reform. The main purpose was to make the late Qing Empire a
Western countries with constitutional monarchies.
Among them, the main domestic revolutionary groups include the Xingzhong Society, the Huaxing Society, the Guangfu Society, the Gongjin Society, the Literary Society, etc.
However, all the early key members of the Revival Society have joined the Far East, so they are currently mainly active in South China, while the Huaxing Society mainly carries out activities in Hunan and Hubei, and the Guangfu Society is in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanghai, etc.
The activities were carried out in the Yangtze River Delta region, and the Gongjinhui mainly carried out activities in the Yangtze River Basin. The main political ideas of these revolutionaries were to overthrow the Manchu rule and establish a new national system.
With the establishment of New Army Standard Camps in various places, the Literary Society and the Gongjinhui are also revolutionary organizations of the emerging intellectual class. They are fully aware that New Army soldiers are the potential force to launch revolution, so the Gongjinhui mainly focuses on developing members in the eight towns of the New Army.
, in the early days of the Wuchang Uprising, more than 5,000 New Army soldiers had joined the Literary Society and the Joint Progress Association, accounting for about one-third of the total number of recruits.
During the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, the late Qing Dynasty was defeated, and the first Guangzhou Uprising broke out. However, with the failure of the first Guangzhou Uprising, Sun Yat-sen, Yang Quyun and others joined the Far East Group, but there were still many members of the Xingzhong Society who continued to work in
He went into exile overseas and promoted the revolution and raised funds in the United States, London and other places.
The new army trained by Zhang Zhidong in Hubei is the Jiangnan Self-Strengthening Army. Many of the middle and lower-level officers are paid scholars studying in the United States and Britain. Therefore, they are all revolutionaries. Among them, there are two revolutionaries, the Communist Party of China and the Literary Society.
The group has the widest penetration. After the civil uprising in Sichuan, the Jiangnan Self-Qiang Army was ordered to enter Sichuan to suppress it. However, most of the new troops from Hubei were transferred to Sichuan, leaving Wuhan's defense very empty. Therefore, the revolutionaries believed that this was a good opportunity to launch an uprising.
Chance.
So on February 23, 1911, the Literary Society and the Gongjinhui held a meeting in Wuchang attended by the leaders of both parties and representatives of the Hubei New Army, and established the general headquarters of the uprising.
Jiang Yiwu, the head of the Literary Society, was elected as the commander-in-chief, and Sun Wu, the head of the Gongjin Association, was elected as the chief of staff.
However, Sun Wu of the Joint Development Association was injured in an accident while secretly making a bomb in the Hankou Concession, which led to a search by patrolmen. The injured Sun Wu and others escaped. At the same time, the documents and flags of the uprising were confiscated. Ruicheng, the governor of Huguang, ordered the entire city to
Martial law was imposed and the hunt for revolutionaries began.
So Jiang Yiwu, the head of the literary society, decided to launch an uprising that night. However, the revolutionaries were arrested on the way to transport ammunition that night, and their acquaintances were beheaded in public the next day.
The first shot of the Wuchang Uprising was when the rebel soldiers first captured the Chuwangtai Armory in Wuhan. They were deeply influenced by revolutionary groups such as the Literary Society and the Gongjin Association. Most of the new troops subsequently responded together. The insurgent troops attacked the Huguang Governor's Palace.
The governor's office was fully occupied at dawn the next day, and Ruicheng, the governor of Huguang, fled overnight.
Then the rebels gathered together for a meeting to discuss the formation of a military government and the selection of governors.
At that time, in addition to the revolutionaries, there were also old military officers participating. The old military officers proposed that Li Yuanhong, the commander of the 21st Mixed Association, be the governor. The constitutionalists unanimously supported it because most of the revolutionaries were not in Wuchang and there was no better candidate.
They all agreed, so Li Yuanhong was appointed as the governor, and then the Hubei Military Government was established.
In the following days, the rebel army published the military government's proclamation and the "Anmin Proclamation", using the eighteen-star flag as the military flag, and in the name of the military government issued the "Proclamation to the Nation", "Notification to All Provinces" and other documents to electrify the country.
, all three towns in Wuhan are in the hands of the revolutionary army.
After reading Peng De's letter reporting on the domestic situation, Li Ningyu frowned, but he understood that something had happened and he had to solve it.
He would never underestimate the Wuchang Uprising, because people who had long been filled with grievances would burst out one after another, so he summoned the messenger and said: "Level 3 secret telegram, Governor Bian Baoquan of Fujian and Zhejiang, immediately
Declare comprehensive martial law in the Fujian and Zhejiang regions to prevent and discourage the new army uprising, temporarily gather all the troops, and pay close attention to the revolutionary parties in the Fujian and Zhejiang regions!"
"Level 3 secret message, Zhang Jun, head of the Far East Asia Intelligence Group, immediately secretly monitor every move of the Beiyang Fleet!"
"Level 3 secret message, Far East Navy Commander Liu Qinghui, immediately contacted Beiyang Fleet Sa Zhenbing and invited him to lead the Beiyang Fleet to visit Hawaii!"
"Level 3 secret message, Commander-in-Chief of the Far Northeast Theater Peng De, put the three northeastern provinces under full control and pay close attention to the movements of the Revolutionary Party!"
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