【Special Combat Writing Material Album】Three people, partner part
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In the last lecture, we talked about basic personal movements, including basic basic skills for shooting and close combat.
, today we will talk about the basic points that should be paid attention to during the operation, and this time the focus is on the relationship between the individual and his partner
, that is, the smallest and most basic action unit in special operations - group (unit, mate).
Personal essentials
Generally speaking, special operations operations do not encourage individual actions. However, due to the variety and danger of the tasks, when a partner is killed in action,
Or injured and unable to continue moving, as well as situations where the terrain or other factors require the user to move alone.
, personal actions also play a considerable role in special operations, and in special operations with fine division of labor, personal actions
Actions are often absolutely related to the success or failure of mission execution. Therefore, a good special operations team member must have a
Stunt skills are inevitable. For an entry-level special operations team member, there are countless things to learn, and I
We can roughly simplify it into four major items: march, search, engagement and evacuation.
March
Penetration methods in modern special operations can be roughly divided into four categories: air, land, surface and underwater. Each category can be further detailed.
Divided into specific execution methods, such as high-altitude high-flying, high-altitude low-flying and low-altitude low-flying skydiving methods, or jumping
There are various types of parachuting into the water and then diving into the water, but in the end most of the actions are still on land.
Therefore, marching on land is not only an outdated combat skill, but on the contrary, it is an important combat skill. The march of special forces members
The first lesson in training is distance. Every special operations team member knows the distance of every step he takes, and everyone also knows the distance.
Everyone knows that when you are on flat ground, the distance between the first step you take when going up and down the mountain will be exactly one hundred meters, and the time will also pass.
You need to be able to control the speed and time of travel per hour and kilometer, and you must be able to do your best within the mission requirements.
Adjustment is the first lesson that every special operations team member will never forget. In ordinary tasks, the distance on the map is necessary
Measured by the feet of the team members, this skill shows its importance even more in the dark night jungle and strange country.
The second lesson in progress is orientation determination. Although the use of GPS global satellite positioning system has been the current trend, the original
The original compass, astrology, tide and vegetation judgment and other traditional orientation determination skills are still important in special operations forces.
Point training subjects, in addition, use the angles of the sun, moon, stars and watch hands to cast shadows on the ground to calculate longitude
The determination of orientation is also an important scoring criterion in wilderness survival courses, such as the most commonly heard analogue watch.
Direction determination method: Use the shadow cast by the sun to place it in the middle of the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand, then twelve o'clock points to
The direction is north. In addition, it is also often used to estimate the direction by interpreting the map.
.In the jungle, first use the compass to determine the direction, and move forward with a certain point or object in that direction as the target.
After reaching the object, calibrate the next calibration point along the same axis, and take out the compass at regular intervals to confirm again.
, don’t forget, the distance is based on your steps, so please remember to count your steps silently when walking, so as to ensure
The direction and distance of travel, but the method used in the dense jungle covering the sky may not be the same in the endless desert and plains.
Therefore, it is necessary to master various methods and techniques. At the very least, it can ensure that you will not get lost due to
However, the mission of guiding Mei changed, and she even lost her life.
search
In special operations, there are many opportunities to operate behind enemy lines and perform missions in high-intensity conflict areas, and intelligence reconnaissance??
This is another key point in special warfare operations, but in any case, in special operations missions, try to avoid contact with the enemy as much as possible.
The principle remains unchanged, so during the entire task process, search, avoidance, advance, search, avoidance... are
A never-ending cycle, and if it cannot be avoided, you need to confirm the enemy's number and firepower, and use your own maximum
Firepower advantage, annihilate as much as possible, or at least give it a fatal blow, which will cause ambushes and surprise attacks later.
Detailed description in
Let’s talk about the top soldier. First, let’s talk about the danger zone of this individual soldier, which is between twelve o’clock and three o’clock directly in front of him.
The first quadrant of the position, because he fired with his right hand, so the MP5 muzzle hanging on the body with a tactical gun sling was naturally
Toward the left, the shooting range within the first reaction time is between nine and twelve o'clock in the fourth quadrant. The shooter must use his right foot.
Take a step back or turn to face the first quadrant to fire immediately, but the first reaction time has passed and the shooter can
He may have been shot, and the right side of his body where he fired is the most likely surface to be shot, so he should be facing
The most likely danger zone, and turn your body and muzzle pointing from time to time in order to react within the first reaction time
; At the same time, don’t forget human habits and body habits. When the human body is in a wide frontal position (0° ~ 180°
), when the head does not turn, the horizontal search field of view is 110°, and the corner of the eye when gazing at the fixed point is at
Between 70° and 90°, the most natural shooting direction is between ten and eleven o’clock, and human eyes are accustomed to
Keep an eye on moving objects, so while searching and moving, you should also pay attention to whether your movements may become an ambush.
The goal?
In a more traditional way, walk sideways facing the direction or quadrant where the ambush is most likely to occur, and then walk sideways for a while.
Pause for a while, change the angle and walk for a while, and repeat this process. The advantage of this method is that it maintains the same straight line while traveling.
, the head, hands, muzzle pointing and other parts of the body do not need to make large movements, which can effectively reduce the risk of exposing oneself.
, but the disadvantage is that if the enemy is hiding in a direction or quadrant that you are not paying attention to, the reaction time will be longer.
Moreover, the preparation time for counterattack is also relatively prolonged. The safer and more common method is to organize the vanguard or the repellent group.
formula, each person is responsible for a designated sector, and all use the aforementioned method to search and move, which not only ensures that all directions
Search, and at least one person will respond within the first response time to strive for other people's response time;
However, this section discusses individuals, so the personal and safe way to search should be in a zigzag pattern.
Using four shoulder widths as the benchmark, maintain a frontal search and move forward toward the two o'clock and ten o'clock positions respectively.
After reaching the baseline on both sides, turn around and advance diagonally towards the baseline on one side. In this way, not only every direction on the front
It can be balanced, the body does not need to move, and the reaction time to attacks from all directions will be faster. The disadvantage is that walking
The distance will be longer than originally expected and will be a big challenge to your physical strength.
engage in battle
Although most special operations missions do not recommend team members to have a direct conflict with the enemy, the combat situation cannot be completely as expected.
Therefore, the special operations forces have also formulated three principles for engagement: in the shortest time, with the greatest firepower, to
The enemy can do the maximum damage. The three principles of personal engagement are: don’t waste ammunition, don’t waste time and don’t give the enemy anything.
Opportunity. You have to bring your own ammunition, and you only need to shoot one round at a time. The more ammunition you have reserved for future missions, the better.
Use the maximum firepower, the shorter the reloading and reloading time, the better, the same goes for the combat time, and save the lives of yourself and your teammates.
Considering the success or failure of the mission, being kind to the enemy will be cruel to yourself. Therefore, if you want to be kind to yourself, don’t give the enemy any chance.
, special operations units around the world, unless specifically specified in the mission, under normal circumstances, special operations missions are not
However, since the number of enemies they face is usually not too small, special operations personnel engage in unit-based battles.
The content of this section will also be based on groups rather than individuals, and the related actions of individuals will be compiled in the following tasks.
Talked about it in the group.
Generally speaking, a special operations unit will be divided into several different groups based on their firepower and missions, including the aforementioned
There is also a vanguard group, a firepower group, a support group and an attack group. The firepower group can be further subdivided into grenade-heavy firepower and general machine guns.
Gun firepower group. The firepower equipment of this type of group is different. For example, the vanguard group may be issued with a silencer.
submachine guns, the attack group is composed of general assault rifles, and the support group is equipped with special equipment or fixed-point
Support firepower (such as mortars), the heavy firepower team is equipped with a grenade launcher, and the general firepower team is equipped with a general-purpose machine gun
The main purpose is to use these different firepower groupings to formulate patterns that can become training targets for engagement.
Take an attack as an example. When attacking a typical squad post or a temporary garrison of small troops, the firepower team will be in the rear, sharp.
The soldiers will first approach the sentry. The attack group should be divided into at least two groups and attack from different directions. When the sentry is cleared,
Finally, the heavy fire team first attacks the ammunition, ordnance, fuel or vehicle assembly area with grenades, first creating explosions and chaos or
It is to give the first wave of attacks to machine gun positions, communication rooms, and searchlights to reduce their chances of counterattack and seeking help.
At the same time as the explosion, the gun fire team strafed all moving targets in the responsible target area and delivered a fatal blow.
The strike team then replenishes, clears, and eliminates all unnecessary survivors, and conducts preliminary battlefield management of the area.
The vanguard group and the machine gun group remained in place at this time, waiting for messages from the attack group, while also ambushing the few who escaped.
The first three waves of attacks are about the lucky ones who are waiting for an opportunity to escape. After the attack group is cleared and confirmed, the vanguard group becomes the sentinel, and the firepower group and support
Enter and conduct the second phase of battlefield management, either to collect intelligence, to lay booby traps, or to hijack targets.
Move in, retreat, and evacuate the combat zone after completion, and go to the designated location to assemble or accept the next mission order. This
It is a general situation, but before that, the observation and intelligence of the mission area, the attack route and fire axis of each group
, the free hunting zone and the fire sector, the analysis and comparison of the situation between the enemy and ourselves are all indispensable, otherwise in the attack
There will be leaks when the plan is formulated, and an imperfect attack plan will not only lead to mission failure, but also
If the whole team is wiped out, we must not ignore it.
Let’s talk about defense again. We also use different firepower groups for distribution, and decide the formation according to the terrain and the situation between the enemy and ourselves.
Grounds are generally fire pockets and cross fire nets, that is, U, X, Y, and Z-shaped positions. The U-shaped position is
The firepower pockets, while the latter three mark their firepower axis and hunting area, and are generally used in the position design of the latter three.
It is often necessary to reserve a route for the enemy to escape, and then give the enemy the best possible escape route on this preset escape route.
The last blow, instead of the design of the fire pocket is to lure it into the pocket and deal with it at once, and in addition to the design of the position
In addition, the placement of positions is also a science. In addition to the fire axis mentioned above, fire power covers sectors and areas of responsibility.
Outside the domain, preparation plans and emergency response plans must also be reserved, retreat routes and backup attack positions must be established, and deception plans must be established.
The locations of minefields, equipment assembly areas, casualty retention areas, mission assembly points, etc. all need to be considered in advance, and of course
Information such as the number of enemies, firepower and equipment also needs to be collected in advance. The more detailed it is, the more conducive it will be to a complete plan.
Certainly.
The last thing we’re going to talk about is the counter-ambush that you least want people to encounter and is also the most difficult to pull off, because the enemy has already prepared to ambush you in advance.
If you attack, you not only have to defend and fight back, but you also have to counterattack. At the very least, you have to protect the lives of your own personnel.
It is really not an easy task, but if you think about it carefully, it is actually not that difficult. Just change the role and think about it.
It's much simpler. However, because the ambush method and the enemy's combat habits cannot be predicted in advance every time, counter-ambush
The only way to succeed in an ambush is to practice. A large number of intensive and repeated exercises. Counter-ambush requires the efforts of the entire team.
Only cooperation can be successful. From the moment of being ambushed, everyone should lie down facing the axis of fire.
Fight back immediately, and report the enemy's fire axis and firing range to the team leader in sequence. The team leader will analyze the situation based on the reports from the entire team.
After determining the enemy's and our position, decide the counterattack method and route, and then notify the team members to start taking action. At the same time, the entire team will respond with maximum firepower.
attack, suppress enemy fire, and cover our actions. Therefore, individual on-the-spot reactions, cooperation and support between groups,
The experience and judgment of the team leader will affect the success of the entire counter-ambush, and whether the ambush arrangement is careful and thorough, whether the
The enemy has an opportunity to take advantage of it, which needs to be considered again. However, when the enemy and we are evenly matched, the difference between ambush and counter-ambush
The ratio of winning to losing is about three to one.
Evacuate
General military tasks, entry and evacuation methods, routes and related matters will not be too different and can be combined.
However, due to the complexity of special operations missions, the methods of entry and evacuation are sometimes irrelevant, and various tasks
The special nature of the mission also makes different evacuation precautions different, such as rescuing important captives.
When taking hostages and "inviting" high-level enemy officials to their homes for tea, in addition to time control (because they brought a
The speed and movement are not fast enough and agile enough to accompany pedestrians), and you must always pay attention to the physiological condition of the guests, because many
Many captured personnel may have been subjected to forced confessions and torture, and although senior officials may not necessarily be young or virtuous, they have the skills
There are many people with many years of experience, and the amount of exercise they can bear is also a problem; and because these customers often have many
With many years of experience, there are many treacherous and treacherous people. Not only must we prevent him from taking advantage of the opportunity to escape, but we must also pay close attention to whether he deliberately exposes the special forces team.
The enemy's rescue team discovered the intrigues due to his whereabouts, and by the same token, if there are injured people in the team, blood stains will
, smell, footprints and broken stem traces must also be properly dealt with. At the same time, attention must also be paid to: the safety and security of the route.
Confidentiality, security and confirmation of pick-up and drop-off locations, formulation of contingency plans and consideration of task priorities.
If due to mission requirements or personnel factors, some personnel need to be sent first and then in special vehicles, then they will be sent later.
The delivery area will be guarded by two to three layers of defense circles. If the helicopter lands to pick up, it will be guarded by two layers.
Three defensive circles (outermost layer)
Two people are located at one and eleven o'clock, and three people occupy the inner layer, occupying the ten, twelve, and two o'clock positions respectively.
This kind of defensive formation allows personnel to cover the entire front with firepower without moving). If the helicopter is suspended in the air and hoisted
, then it is common to use a ring-shaped defense formation within a radius of fifty meters with the helicopter's airborne point as the center, but if it is on the ground or
For pick-up and drop-off by surface maneuvering vehicles, divide the number by two.
Outside the three defense circles, a long linear defense is another common
, the advantage of this method is that the axis of firepower remains unchanged, and the firepower can be maximized continuously. The disadvantage is that the defense on both wings is slightly weak.
.And if the predetermined enemy departure point is a "hot spot" (that is, a battle situation occurs in the landing area or pick-up point), defense
The circles and formations need to be slightly adjusted, for example, two.
The three defense circles are combined into a semi-circular defense circle, which will be activated once the personnel board the aircraft.
Two more.
Three formations were mounted on the aircraft in batches, and the fire gaps during retreat were filled by machine guns mounted directly on the aircraft (in accordance with safety regulations.
Personnel are not allowed to fire in the helicopter after boarding it. In fact, even bullets are not allowed to be loaded, but vehicles
Restrictions are less strict with speedboats).
The last thing to pay attention to when evacuating is the choice of equipment. Sometimes, for the sake of ease of movement, many unnecessary equipment
They are all disposable (in fact, compared with the lives of special operations team members, all kinds of equipment can be considered unnecessary).
However, in order to prevent the equipment from falling into the hands of adversaries, intelligence leakage (such as encrypted radios, satellite communicators and other special
equipment, etc.) must be completely destroyed before discarding them. The fastest and most effective way is to blow them up, but sometimes the location cannot be exposed.
Burying is another common method. After burying the equipment, it is first covered with a thin layer of soil and then tear gas canisters are applied.
Dust the powder to prevent animals from digging it up, cover it with enough soil, and then move back the vegetation to eliminate all artificial traces.
Finish.
Group Essentials
In fact, the group approach is a multi-layered and overlapping individual approach, leaving the areas that one person cannot take care of to a second person.
Individual responsibility is the basic concept of the group, and mutual support and care are the beliefs that partners will never forget.
As the SEALs often joke with each other: "We may not dare hand over our cars, cash, and girlfriends.
Partners keep it safe, but they can definitely entrust each other's lives to each other."
In fact, the existence of the team is a very important part of the special warfare culture, because in the harsh environment where human beings are at their limit,
Next, when you know that there is a partner by your side that you can trust and rely on, and will take care of you when you are injured.
Even if you are killed in battle, your body will be brought back or disposed of so that it will not be damaged or humiliated, just like you would do for him.
Generally speaking, that may be your only motivation to keep going. This concept is quite difficult to explain. For example, France?
Borrowing troops
Generally, they do not need to be loyal to the French government, the French flag and French policies. They only need to be loyal to the French Legion.
Flag and commander loyalty, and duty to his partners and company, and although the main support, logistics and politics
The background is all aid from France, but the Foreign Legion does not bear any responsibility for France either factually or morally.
A manifestation of this unique culture among special operations units.
The unit that has most thoroughly promoted the concept of this kind of team is the US Navy SEAL Task Force, which officially launched the team in 1962.
The SEAL Task Force was adapted from the Underwater Demolition Team. Since its establishment, it has emphasized the importance of swimming partners to its team members.
sex and meaning, and during the ten-year mission in Vietnam, the SEALs performed thousands of missions, and only
Twenty SEALs were killed and no one was captured. No one had ever really seen the North Vietnamese regular army and the Viet Cong guerrillas.
The appearance of fighting SEALs, because there is a saying among the North Vietnamese Army and guerrillas: Green-faced men have appeared.
There are only bodies in the area, and those who cannot find bodies have never been seen again because they were taken away by the green-faced people.
. Although the Vietnam War was a failed war for the United States, it had a different meaning for the SEALs. Except
In addition to the seal's mission status and refined combat skills, the close relationship between swimming partners and the spirit of mutual support, I am afraid that the sea seal
The secret to Leopard's success.
communicate
In modern combat, C4I is one of the keys to mission success, and communication is an important part of it.
In addition to general wireless telephone services and telephony services, what this section will discuss today is the common basic gestures and silent
Communication skills.
gesture
The principle of using gestures is to be simple and clear, with clear meaning and no misunderstanding. For example, 3 must be clasped with the thumb.
The little finger should be held upright with the index finger, middle finger and ring finger instead of holding the index finger with the thumb and holding up the middle finger and ring finger.
with the little finger, because it means "OK", and OK also means "I understand" and "Yes, I will execute it"
” means, the same meaning can also be expressed by an upright thumb or a nod. Under this principle, gestures
Become words or phrases one by one, and combine each word and phrase to become a complete sentence. The following is
Some common examples of gestures and combinations:
1. Observation: Use your index finger and middle finger to point at your own eyes. If you want to penetrate, signal your teammates to observe.
, note that this gesture can be used to search for enemy traces.
2. Listening: Hold your palms upright, put your fingers together against your ears, and signal your teammates to listen carefully and check their ears.
This gesture can be expressed on the phone, and the same meaning can also be expressed directly by pointing the index finger directly at the ear.
3. Direction: Combine the index finger and middle finger, and hold the remaining three fingers together. The direction of the two fingers is marked.
This can be used to guide teammates forward, observe, listen, attack and disperse the route.
The same meaning can be expressed by hand gestures. The four fingers can be put together and the thumb is clasped inward to indicate it. However, this gesture
It is usually used when a large number of people are moving. If you want to indicate a roundabout, use the wrist and arm
Bend fit pointing indication.
4. Designated personnel: Make a fist with four fingers and point your thumb upright at the tip of your nose or chest to indicate the
You can point your index finger at your teammates to indicate that you are a teammate. You can repeat this action to indicate that you are a teammate.
Groups and teammates can be distinguished, and the same gesture can also be designated to mark attack positions and entry points.
.
5. Clearing: Clearing in military tasks has many meanings, and so does the gesture. If the clearing is the front
The sentry on the other side is represented by cutting the neck with a hand knife or crossing the neck with the index finger, while clearing the barbed wire is represented by
Use your index finger and middle finger to make a scissor shape. People who clear the tower use their index finger and middle finger to combine.
The bottom of the palm of the other hand is similar to the timeout gesture in football. To clear the mine and open the way, use both hands.
Move your palms outward, like swimming.
6. Cover: During a battle, move to position yourself and ask your teammates to provide cover and fire suppression gestures.
There are two, one is low-position cover. When moving, Le will move in a low posture (when crawling or lying down).
Make a fist with your left hand, and place the palm of your right hand over your left fist to indicate it. If you use your right hand to cover your head,
It means a high posture (when sprinting, jumping out of a bunker or trench) or when multiple people are performing tactical movement.
Used when in position, these two gestures can also be used to express the gesture of suppressing enemy fire with firepower.
7. Cut off: The palm of the left hand is facing up, and the hand knife of the right hand is placed on the left palm. It is used when encountering an enemy.
This gesture can be used to intercept troops midway, cut off their retreat, or encircle them from behind.
Indicate it.
8. Stop: The most commonly used gesture by the advancing vanguard to the following main force, five fingers together, hands
If you hold your palm upright with your fingertips upward, it means that the troops have stopped moving. If you make a fist, it means that everyone has stopped moving.
action, and if the palms are facing down, it means that everyone should keep a low posture or squat down immediately.
9. Find cover: This gesture is often combined with the aforementioned stop gesture. Putting the five fingers together means stop.
Stop, and spreading the five fingers means spreading out to find cover. In addition, using fingers or arms to draw in the air
Circle also means to seek cover, and palm downward also means to seek cover, especially when squatting.
When this gesture is made with the body lowered, a simple difference can be made from the one mentioned before. In addition, with both hands
Crossing the hands in front of the body and bending the palms inward can also be explained, but these two are not the same as the helicopter landing.
The falling ground guides the gesture to be repeated, so it is rarely used.
10.YES/NO: The most common universal gestures, YES can be nodding, thumbs up, and circling the index finger
You can raise the other three fingers with an OK gesture to indicate this. If you do NO, you can shake your head, index finger or palm, and at the same time
Negative gestures can also mean that you don’t understand the meaning of the previous gesture, please try again. In addition,
A simple shake of the head can also be regarded as an answer, such as observing or listening to the specified road or direction. If the result is
If you find nothing, you can shake your head to express it.
silent communication
As mentioned before, combining the words expressed by several gestures can become a complete sentence or command, FOR
EXAMPLE: After the captain designates two team members with gesture No. 4, he uses gestures No. 3 and 1 to direct the path to the right front
Observe, the team members nod to indicate understanding, move forward, and then report back after observing, using two fingers to point to a certain location and one finger to point.
The 11 o'clock position indicates that there are two and one enemy each. The captain then uses the No. 4 gesture to designate two more people to go to support, with 8
No. 9 instructed the remaining team members to stop advancing and take cover, and used gesture No. 6 to instruct the machine gunner to provide necessary fire cover.
to protect them, and used hand signal No. 5 to instruct the sentries in front to be removed, and two groups of four team members went to clear them, waiting for these four
After the team members came back, they used the OK gesture to indicate that the clearing was complete. The team leader then released the masking gesture and the whole team continued to move forward.
During the whole process, neither a word was spoken nor a wireless phone call was made. It was completely silent, peaceful and silent.
Another way of communication is to use radio signals. Those who have played with radios know the so-called sound of running water.
When the sound is turned down to the minimum, the radio is in a silent state. Unless there is a signal or ramp wave, it is completely silent.
If the wireless phone has encryption (TONE), there will be almost no ramp wave interference. Use the sound generated by pressing the talk button to
The sound of running water is used to communicate with a pre-agreed password or a secret code of Morse code. This method will not be used in
Noise is generated in the environment, and even if the overflow of the signal is picked up by others, a simple serial number may be mistaken for an oblique signal.
Waves or silent interference, and even if it is completely received, it is a secret message anyway, and it is useless if it cannot be decrypted. This is a silent channel.
Another common way to communicate.
The integrated helmet included in the future infantry equipment recently developed by the US military includes a GPS receiving antenna.
, micro cameras and terminal digital data projection systems, integrated tactical data, maps, teammate photos
The location, task data and text display voice data are transmitted through the digital data transmission chain, and each person
The status of soldiers can be accurately handed over to the commander, and this is likely to bring the technical level of silent communication to another level.
, On the contrary, there is one more thing that soldiers must learn to operate equipment.