Material 3: The legendary pirate Lin Feng—the first person in the history of Chinese colonization
Everything in the history of the Ming Dynasty can be mapped to modern China. For the Western world during the Ming Dynasty, colonial activities rewrote their own history in a sense, and China also had similar overseas development activities during the Ming Dynasty. However, academic circles often regard
It is defined in the scope of piracy activities, especially the Japanese pirate incidents, which makes the color of these overseas development activities more and more confusing.
At that time, South Asia and Southeast Asia were important areas for colonization by the Western world. In this area, we are now accustomed to seeing the activities of Westerners. Western colonial forces were undoubtedly in a dominant position, but the role played by the Chinese was also indispensable.
It is underestimated. The history of interconnectedness between China and Southeast Asia predates Western colonists, and China has given great influence to Southeast Asia. Before Western colonialists arrived in Southeast Asia, the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Southeast Asia began
It has reached an extremely high level. During the Ming Dynasty, China was capable of carrying out overseas development similar to the West. However, since the late Ming Dynasty, Western colonialists have been latecomers. Why would China, which has geographical advantages,
Why does this happen? Is it because China, as a landlocked country, lacks the proper sense of pioneering as a nation, or is it due to some other reason?
It is probably not the author's place to analyze the reasons, but I try to draw out the history based on the research of experts and scholars, and give a brief history of a "pirate" named Lin Feng who had early contact and competition with Westerners in Southeast Asia.
However, the author enjoys the description. Lin Feng is recorded by Westerners as limahong or limoHhong, and some are also recorded as Dim-mhon. It is generally translated as Li Maben, Li Mahong or Li Mafang or even Li Awang. The majority of people from Raoping, Chaozhou Prefecture,
The ancestor of the clan, Lin Tongxian, nicknamed Xiaoweilao, was a famous pirate in Raoping. Lin Tongxian's affair with the Japanese pirates was later broken up. Lin Feng is the grandson of Lin Fengyang and the nephew-in-law of the pirate Wu Ping.
It can be said that Lin Feng grew up in a family well versed in water physiology. Although there is no specific information about Lin Feng in the "History of the Ming Dynasty", "Ming Tongjian" and "Ming Shilu", there is still information about his whereabouts before the attack on Luzon Island.
Some of them can be found in local chronicles. Most of them record some of his activities as a pirate.
"The Shenquan Tour was in Shenquan Village, Shiwuli, Huilai County, near the sea. In the 23rd year of Jiajing, the city was occupied by the pirate Lin Feng" ("Guangda General Chronicle Volume 123 Coastal Defense"), "Longqing Er
In the tenth month of the winter of the Wuchen year, Lin Feng "walked to Guangzhou" from Shenquan Town ("Huzhou Prefecture Chronicles"), and "entered Penghu in the early years of Wanli" "Tianxia Junguo Libing Shujuan 93 Fujian". During this period, Lin Feng had been
Communicated with Japanese pirates, and later had Japanese commanders when they attacked Manila.
Later, Qi Jiguang defeated Lin Feng in Penghu Mountain. In the first year of Wanli (AD 1573), Lin Feng invaded Minhai again and was defeated by the general Hu Shouren. He fled to Qian'ao to seek help, but Yun Yi, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, refused. At this time, although Lin Feng had already supported
There were more than 10,000 people, but they had no choice but to travel between Fujian and Guangzhou, and then rushed from Penghu to Jingang, Taiwan. However, they were "defeated by Shouren and chased to Tamsui Ocean, where they sank their boat." After this blow,
There is currently no direct information available to explain whether Lin Feng's strength has been greatly damaged. However, Lin Feng's situation at the time can be inferred from his motivation for the expedition to Luzon. The composition of the Feng soldiers at that time was very complex, with some
There are farmers, handicraftsmen, fishermen and some Japanese, Ryukyus and Filipinos.
"Pirates of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" co-authored by Japanese Matsuura Akira and Li Xiaolin quoted the records in "Journal of the Jutuna Kingdom" and believed that: Li Mahuan, a pirate from the Jutuna Kingdom, led a large fleet to do bad things. For the purpose of invading the Philippine Islands.
Is this inappropriate? Because his departure was completely forced and his arrival in the Philippines was not planned. At the same time, Matsuura Akira and Li Xiaolin continued to quote the book and believed that: this pirate was born in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province He comes from a middle-class family in the city. His parents raised him in an indulgent environment since childhood, so.
He was born with a rough and misbehaving Zog.
Regardless of his occupation or skills, he robbed along the way, giving full play to his robbery skills.
Soon many people gathered around him.
He was promoted as the leader and went rampant in one side of the province. The king and his cabinet knew about this. In order to ensure the safety of the province where pirates were full, the king ordered the local officials to concentrate the border security forces as quickly as possible and arrest the pirate Li Mahon.
And escorted to Beijing, if unable to defeat the pirates, send the pirates' heads. The author obviously did not mention that Lin Feng had a large number of Japanese, Ryukyus, Malays, etc., which made many things vague. Lost it. Due to the limited materials, this article cannot make a comprehensive analysis of the author's materials, so I try to give a detailed description of the entire process of his arrival in the Philippines and what happened afterward.
In the second year of Wanli (AD 1574), Dong Linfeng led 62 warships, 2,000 navy and 1,500 women each, and sailed southward with the Japanese Zhuang Gong (siocos) as the commander, and arrived at Yilu. When I came across a Spanish boat while visiting IIocos Sur, Lin Feng ordered his soldiers to seize the boat.
However, they were discovered by the Spaniards stationed there and quickly reported it to Juan Salceds, an officer in Vigan. Salceds immediately sent three natives to Manila to warn. However, the natives were intercepted by Lin Feng on the way. His men intercepted it. Lin Feng then took the opportunity to attack Vigan. Juan Salceds led fifty soldiers to escape. Lin Feng took advantage of the victory to pursue and headed for Manila. On October 10, the second year of Wanli (AD 1574) On January 29, Lin Feng's navy arrived at Mariveles, the port of Manila. At dusk, Lin Feng ordered his general Zhuang Gong (siocos) to lead 600 people in a small boat to attack Manila, but encountered a storm on the way. , more than 200 people drowned because the boat capsized. However, the remaining people still dived under the leadership of Siocos to land at Paranaque, eight miles south of Manila. They arrived in Manila early the next morning. At that time, the officer Martin de Goiti was stationed outside the city. He was unprepared during the attack. Siocos quickly defeated him and seized his territory. Martin de Goiti also died in the battle. The people in the city The defenders took this opportunity to strengthen their defense, and when Duke Zhuang (siocos) attacked, they put up a desperate resistance. However, Duke Zhuang's (siocos) army had already lost more than 200 people in a storm during the march, so they were in a hurry It was not possible to capture the city wall in time.
So Duke Zhuang (siocos) retreated to C**ite to join Lin Feng. At the same time, on the other hand, the Spanish Governor L**ezaris waited for Duke Zhuang (siocos) to retreat.
Immediately build a high wall along Manila Bay and set up troops for defense. Juan Salceds also led six battleships and hundreds of soldiers to assist in the battle. After Lin Feng completed his first attack, the indigenous people of the Philippines (Moros) thought it was China.
The people won the victory and quickly gathered nearly ten thousand people near Manila and began to take action against the Spanish. On December 13, Lin Feng launched a second attack and ordered Duke Zhuang (siocos) to lead 1,500 people to divide the troops.
The three teams attacked, and Lin Feng's warships also fired artillery outside the harbor to assist. However, because the Spaniards strengthened the city wall and added reinforcements, they were unable to capture it in their eagerness. Lin Feng then sent another 500 reinforcements, but to no avail.
And retreated. When Lin Feng's army attacked Manila, the natives of the Philippines (Moros) killed missionaries, merchants and soldiers in preparation for Lin Feng's army, but Lin Feng's army quickly collapsed after its failure. After Lin Feng's army failed, it
He led the army to sail north from the Ango River to Pangasinan and built a city and fort on the land four miles above the river as a long-term solution. He also ordered the local chief to help pay. Spanish Governor Lavisa Liz
After learning the news, L**ezaris was worried and decided to assemble the Spanish troops in the Philippines to gather in Manila to attack Pangasinan, with Juan Salceds as the commander. Juan Salceds led 6,000 Filipino soldiers
Six hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers first sailed to Lingeyin Bay in the north of Pangasinan. At that time, 32 of Lin Feng's warships were anchored there, and all of them were annihilated. Juan Salceds
The troops landed. The two armies fought in melee for more than four months. Lin Feng lacked supplies and was finally defeated. So he broke out and some of them fled to the mountains.
After Lin Feng was defeated in the Philippines, he led his troops to invade. He went to Zhelin, Jinghai, Jieshi and other places. At the same time, he also went to Fujian and other places, and used Jingang in Taiwan as his base to plunder everywhere. However, at that time, Fujian was very slow in cracking down on pirates.
Harsh, Lin Feng ran into obstacles everywhere and had to leave. Hu Shouren defeated Lin Feng again, and Lin Feng led his troops to retreat to Guangdong and invade Chaozhou. At that time, Chaozhou's political advisor, Jin Zhejiang Governor, Lin Feng himself also saw the naval power of Fujian and Guangzhou.
He was so cold and disheartened that he did not make any further preparations for resistance. So Lin Feng's men, Ma Zhishan, Li Cheng and other 1,712 people, were surrendered, and 668 men and women were taken into custody. Lin Feng knew that since the Chinese tradition
He showed no mercy to the so-called thieves and fled overseas alone.
In the fight between Lin Feng and Spain, Spain was supported by an empire, although this support may not be materially effective; but behind Lin Feng was a huge empire that was ready to destroy them at any cost, so in the end
At that time, the Spaniards won the victory. On the surface, this was a failure in Lin Feng's personal struggle with Spain. In fact, it was a failure of the Ming Dynasty. This failure also revealed the consequences of China being attacked and invaded in the future world.
Destiny. Because the awareness of overseas expansion between the two empires is so different, it also reflects that the distance between the two nations has gradually widened in the process of moving towards modern society.
Since Lin Feng's failure, it has been difficult for the Chinese to occupy a dominant position in Southeast Asia, so they are often unavoidable from being slaughtered and expelled. Therefore, Lin Feng's failure also vaguely foreshadows the future fate of the Chinese in Southeast Asia. And the Chinese people's The tragic ending of this overseas development also vaguely foreshadows China's tragic experience in the modern world. The failure of Lin Feng's career is actually a sign that China and overseas Chinese will fail in the future competition between the East and the West. , is a mirror that reflects their respective futures. However, when one realizes Lin Feng's pioneering spirit, the Chinese nation is already in the Republic of China, when "the storm is dim and the cockcrow is endless". And the spiritual inertia of a nation can It's shocking enough to last for hundreds of years.
List of references and papers:
"A Brief History of Sino-Western Relations during the Ming and Qing Dynasties" by Zhang Weihua, Qilu Publishing House, 1987 edition
"History of Overseas Chinese in Nanyang" written by Li Changfu, Shanghai Bookstore, 1984, photocopied from the 32nd edition of the Republic of China
"A General History of Overseas Chinese in Nanyang" Wen Xiongfei, photocopied from the Shanghai Bookstore in 1984 from the 1929 edition of the Oriental Press
"A Hundred Years of Chinese Exclusion Overseas" "Beauty" by Shen Jiyao, China Social Sciences Press, 1985 edition
"Chinese Colonial History" by Li Changfu, Shanghai Bookstore, 1984, photocopied from the 1937 edition of The Commercial Press
"Real Examination of Li Maben in the History of Feilu" Zhang Xinglang, "Journal of Yanjing Academic Journal", Issue 8, 1931
"Supplement to the Examination of Li Maben in the History of Feilu" Li Changchuan, Journal of Yanjing Academic Journal, Issue 9, 1931
"Modern Southeast Asia (1511-1992)" Liang Yingming, Liang Zhiming, Zhou Nanjing, Zhao Min, Peking University Press, 1994 edition
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"History of Transportation in Nanyang, China" by Feng Chengjun, Shanghai Bookstore, 1984 edition
"Selected Works of Wang Gungwu" Wang Gungwu Shanghai Education Press 2002 edition