On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers of American bicycle workers used canvas to paste on willow branches to create the first powered, manifold, and manned aircraft in human history. Although this one is called "Flyer-1"
The first test flight of the aircraft was only 3 meters, the range was only 37 meters, and it only took 12 seconds to fly in the air, but it opened the first page of human aviation history. Since then, industrial powers in the world have begun to develop the aviation industry.
The Chinese aviation industry started late. On September 21, 1909, Feng Ru, an overseas Chinese living in the United States, tested the "Feng Ru-1" aircraft he made over Auckland, USA. Just one year later, the Qing government purchased it in 1910.
The first aircraft was established and in August of the same year, Liu Zucheng, who returned from his post in Japan, and Li Baoyu built a factory shed in Nanyuan, Beijing to build a plane, and used the Nanyuan garrison playground to build the first airport in China. Although Liu Zucheng and Li Baoyu were manufactured by Liu Zucheng and Li Baoyu
A plane failed to test flight, but China's dream of artificial aircraft has been flying hard.
In February 1911, Feng Ru returned to Guangdong with his assistant and two planes. After the Xinhai Revolution, he was appointed as the captain of the flight team by Sun Yat-sen. Unfortunately, Feng Ru died in a flight performance in 1912.
During the Revolution of 1911, the revolutionaries had a broad vision and founded four air fleets in one go. Of course, the number of air fleets in the early days was small, very simple, and had limited combat effectiveness, and most of them disappeared.
After Yuan Shikai stole the results of the Xinhai Revolution, he was determined to strengthen his military strength. He not only allocated funds to approve the purchase of aircraft, but also approved the establishment of Nanyuan Aviation School, which recruited 50 students in the first batch and trained pilots. This objectively promoted China's aviation industry.
Start.
In 1913, Yuan Shikai's naval chief Liu Guanxiong selected fourteen students from the naval fleet and sent them to the United States to learn how to make aircraft. In 1916, the group of people returned to China after studying and planned to establish the Naval Aircraft Engineering Agency at the Mawei Shipbuilding Bureau in Fujian. The aircraft was officially established in January 1918, with wooden flange, iron shell, slag and other workshops. There were about 200 workers, Zeng Yijing was responsible for the mechanical service and Ba Tamamo was responsible for the design. In August of the following year, the Aircraft Office of the Mawei Shipbuilding Bureau was manufactured. The first seaplane instructor aircraft in my country, "Type A One". The Type A One is a 100-horsepower twin-plane with a fuselage made of domestic elm and has three seats. Because it is a seaplane, there is no need for an airport. , using the water surface as the runway, built a stop in the river. Unfortunately, the pilot of the test flight at that time, overseas Chinese Zeiss was not experienced enough and failed. The flight designers of the flight office were not discouraged. While continuing to develop the A-Two and A-Two, they were dispatched Cao Mingzhi, Wu Rukui, Chen Taiyao, Liu Daoyi and others went to the Philippine Aviation College to learn flight technology. These people graduated and returned to China in April 1921 and successfully conducted test flights. They were one of the earliest pilots in my country. By July 30, 1923 , Guangdong Aircraft Manufacturing Factory chaired by Yang Yixian, successfully developed the "Leswen No. 1". Sun Yat-sen and his wife Soong Ching-ling visited Dashatou Airport to attend the test flight ceremony. By 1930, the Aircraft Office of the Mawei Shipbuilding Bureau jointly manufactured trainers, reconnaissance aircraft, and coastal areas. 17 aircraft including patrol aircraft, torpedo bombers, etc.
During the Republic of China, warlords fought in a melee. Today you beat me, tomorrow I beat you, and planes became the magic weapon to defeat the enemy. Warlords from all walks of life purchased aircraft and aircraft manufacturing equipment from abroad, and of course they could not buy any good aircraft, most of them
It was an aircraft that was eliminated after World War I, with all kinds of brands, turning China into a World Aircraft Expo. In this way, not only did the Beiyang government and the National Government in the south run aviation schools and build aircraft manufacturing plants,
Even warlords from all provinces have set up aviation schools and aircraft factories. There are 6 relatively large aircraft manufacturing plants, including Guangdong Aircraft Manufacturing Factory founded by Sun Yat-sen and Shaoguan Aircraft Manufacturing Factory founded by Chen Jiongming in 1934, which is more advanced, and Guangdong Aircraft Manufacturing Factory.
After 13 years of production and operation, 60 trainers, expelling aircraft and bombers were manufactured. Shaoguan Aircraft Factory produced 30 "Fuxing" aircraft and 10 "Hawk" aircraft.
After the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek gradually rectified the national military force. By 1934, Kong Xiangxi visited Italy. In order to sell Italian aircraft, Mussolini told Kong Xiangxi that the Japanese naval power was strong and China's development naval could not keep up with Japan in any case.
, Only by developing the air force can we catch up. When this was passed to the explanation, Chiang Kai-shek thought about it, the more he felt that Mussolini was right, so he decided to develop the air force and change the aviation office belonging to the Ministry of Military Affairs into a committee. According to Chiang Kai-shek, it is necessary
"Create China's new air force and quickly establish China's new air force." The National Government and the United States signed an agreement to establish the Hawk aircraft in Hangzhou. However, it was not until the Guangdong Air Force surrendered to the Central Committee in 1936 that the National Government had put the whole country in the "Tongyang and Guangxi Incident" in 1936 that the National Government had put the whole country in charge.
Aviation forces are basically integrated. With the newly purchased Hawk Three aircraft from the United States, the fighter jets are organized into three 3, 4, 5 brigades, each with three squadrons, each with 10 fighter jets, and 29 independent ones
Squadron.
At this time, Chiang Kai-shek could develop the air force on a large scale, but after thinking about it, developing the air force is a big deal. The fiscal revenue of a county is not enough to buy an airplane! The corrupt officials under his command have no other skills, so they can do it.
The money is very capable. If these people were allowed to manage the Air Force's procurement, wouldn't it be that the money would be sent to the fire pit? Besides, the Air Force is a new branch and powerful, so it is impossible for outsiders to take charge of the power of the Communist Army. So Chiang Kai-shek
Under the chairman of the Aviation Commission, a secretary-general was set up, and Mrs. Chiang, Soong Mei-ling, was allowed to serve as secretary-general in person, to plan the development of the air force, which is actually the commander of the air force.
Soong Mei-ling is indeed capable. Although she is airsick and has never learned aviation when taking a plane, she is smart, naturally beautiful, charming, and has a strong affinity. Not to mention, let alone her control the Air Force.
After finding the right person, she really planned carefully, established rules and regulations, and managed the Air Force in an orderly manner. However, Soong Mei-ling was not a strategist after all, and she was not sure about the time of the total war between China and Japan, which led to the Chinese Air Force purchasing aircraft.
The strength of spare parts did not keep up with the actual needs of the war.
In Soong Mei-ling's view, the aircraft manufacturing industries in various countries are developing rapidly, and new models are emerging one after another. If you buy today, you will be lagging behind tomorrow. It is better to buy a part temporarily, focusing on saving funds. Once China and Japan start war, it is not too late to buy again, which can guarantee that China can
The Air Force uses the most advanced aircraft. In addition, she has lived in the United States for a long time and has been used to the free trade in the United States. She thought that as long as she had money, it would be a big problem to buy anything. Another reason is the deception of the Japanese.
By the end of 1936, the information obtained by the intelligence department was that Japan had only 3,000 aircraft, and they were all imitated or purchased aircraft. Many of the aircraft models were relatively old, indicating that Japan's aviation industry's manufacturing capacity was limited and it was still in the imitation stage.
Little did they know that Japan's aviation industry had entered the stage of independent research and development at this time and had achieved mass production. The last reason was that the Chinese at that time, no one had experienced a large-scale air war, and in the upcoming Sino-Japanese War.
The role of Japanese aircraft and the tragic bombing were not fully understood. In this way, although Liu Yimin made several conversations, reminding the National Government to actively prepare for war, purchase more aircraft and aviation ammunition, the hearts of Soong Mei-ling and others were still missing that
Root string.
In this way, in addition to the Chinese government spending $6.2 million to import 213 aircraft and 94 engines from the United States from 1934 to 1935, in 1936, the Chinese government purchased some Hawke Three with just a portion of the $3.5 million raised by the birthday donation aircraft.
The remaining donations and financial appropriations were deposited by Soong Mei-ling into the Hong Kong Bank, preparing to purchase the latest fighter jets if the situation worsens. As a result, when the Lugou Bridge Incident occurred, not only did the Japanese navy block China's routes, but even the old empires in Europe and the United States were placed in
A neutral face made China unable to afford a plane, and even if it bought it, it would not be transported back. Soong Mei-ling wanted to buy planes from Europe and the United States and use the Air Force at this time, but it could no longer be achieved.
When Chiang Kai-shek heard that the Chinese Air Force had only 600 aircraft when it started the war, of which only 305 fighter jets, and only half of them had combat effectiveness, he immediately became irritated.
Fortunately, the Chinese Air Force soldiers were in high morale and fought to the death, and would rather die with the enemy than retreat a little. They used these aircraft to fight the Japanese Army and Navy aviation forces with 5,000 aircraft, from the Battle of Taiyuan to the Battle of Songhu, and Nanjing defended them.
The battle was very exciting, and the air force martyrs thrived in the sky and wrote heroic songs. But after all, the number of different numbers was huge. After all, the battle between Shanghai was over. Although the number of Chinese Air Force shot down sunny planes was quite large, the Japanese army was ready to supplement it at any time.
The Air Force could not supplement it. China lost two-thirds of its aircraft during the Battle of Shanghai. By early November 1937, the Chinese Air Force had really become the Air Force, with only 36 aircraft remaining.
At this time, the Soviet Union provided great assistance to the Chinese people.
Since the Sino-Soviet Treaty on August 20, 1937, the Soviet Union has increased its aid to China out of sympathy for the Chinese people and its own strategy. August 27
On the Sunday, Chiang Kai-shek met with the Soviet ambassador to China, Bogmolov. In addition to asking the Soviet Union to provide loans, dispatch advisory groups to support 20 divisions of China's weapons and ammunition, he publicly proposed to "allow Soviet pilots to join the Chinese army as volunteers."
"The specific issues, and requested that the Soviet flight coach be sent as soon as possible to help train the Chinese air force. By November, due to the great losses of the Chinese air force and completely lost the battlefield air supremacy, Chiang Kai-shek called Stalin again, requesting that the combat aircraft be supported and the dispatch of the Soviet air force volunteer team be sent as soon as possible
Enter China to participate in the war.
By December 1, the Soviet Union had handed over 86 aircraft of various types to China. By February 1938, the Soviet Union had provided 225 aircraft of various types to China.
From the end of November 1937 to January 1938, the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team entered China in three batches. At the beginning, there were only 99 people, including 36 pilots, and they were organized into a bomber squadron and a fighter squadron. Their fighter planes were mainly I-15.
The two models of Yi-16 are front-line equipment of the Soviet army. The Yi-15 is relatively flexible and convenient for horizontal combat. It is called the "Yellow Warbler" by the Soviets. The Yi-16 is called because of its fast speed, convenient for vertical combat and pursuit.
"Swallow", "Yellow Oriole" and "Swallow" are combined with high and low, and often wins more with less, making great contributions to the Chinese Air Force's control of air supremacy on the battlefield. The bomber is "Tubolev, known by the Soviets as "Katyusha", "
"SB bomber, faster than the Japanese Type 96 fighter of its contemporary era.
At that time, since the Soviet Union did not declare war on Japan, the Soviet Air Force volunteer team was called the "Chinese Air Force Sword of Justice" to the outside world, and all the aircraft were numbered according to the Chinese Air Force fighter jet sequence.
On December 1, the Soviet Air Force volunteer team entered the battle the day after arriving in Nanjing, shooting down and wounding 10 Japanese bombers and four fighters. Our side lost two aircraft and the pilot was rescued by parachute. On December 2, 6 Japanese aircraft were shot down
, Four sunshine planes were shot down on December 3.
However, there were too many Japanese aircraft, and several batches of attacks were coming every day. The Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team fought several times a day, and the team members had little combat experience. As a result, the losses continued to increase. A pilot became afraid and became sick.
For reasons, he refused to go to the battle and had to be transferred to the rear to be a flight instructor.
However, these problems gradually overcome with the extension of time and the arrival of more pilots with combat experience. The Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team fought side by side with the Chinese Air Force, and became stronger and stronger. They participated in the battle since December 1, 1937
In previous air battles, they have obtained impressive fighter jets. Their most proud work was to rush to Songshan Airport in Taiwan a long distance.
Taiwan's Songshan Airport is an important base of the Japanese army, storing this large amount of aircraft, aviation gasoline and aviation ammunition.
After Chiang Kai-shek received the information from the Japanese army to strengthen Taipei Songshan Airport, he wanted to blow it up. He had no choice but to ask for help from the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team.
It is good to bomb Taipei Airport, but Hankou is more than 1,000 kilometers away from Taipei, which happens to be at the limit of the "Tubolev" SB bomber. Songshan Airport is surrounded by mountains, with hidden terrain and strict defense. However, Aviation Aid China
The team also has its own advantages, that is, Soviet pilots have long been accustomed to forcing bombings that lack fighter escort, and the "Tubolev" SB bomber has a speed advantage. Fidelick, the navigator of the Polynin Squadron, boldly proposed that the bomber group was 4,000 meters.
-4,800 meters altitude flight increased the range. The fleet crossed Taiwan from the north and then descended south to 3,600 meters of airspace, covered with air bombing, and returned to the mainland with the momentum.
February 23 happened to be the Soviet Red Army Army Day. Liu Chagov, the commander of the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team, was determined to attack Taipei Songshan Airport for a long distance to present a gift for the Army Day. He then ordered 12 aircraft of the Sino-Soviet mixed formation bomber fleet stationed in Nanchang.
The Boruining Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team, stationed in Hankou, bombed Songshan Airport with 28 aircraft.
The dramatic thing is that before the Boliu Ning Squadron took off in the early morning of the 23rd, eighteen Japanese bombers suddenly arrived over Hankou Airport, and the airport sounded a shrill alarm. Strangely, Japanese planes did not seem to have noticed Hankou Airport and flew around.
The bombing of Changsha has gone.
Boruning was very lucky and immediately ordered the takeoff. After the takeoff was completed, in order to save fuel, Boruning ordered the formation to directly raise to a height of 5,500 meters and use straight-line flight methods to hit Taipei. The Sino-Soviet mixed formation that took off in Nanchang was due to the pilot.
Calculation deviation, failed to reach Taiwan.
After flying for several hours, the Boluning Squadron arrived in Taipei. After the pilot determined the location, Boluning found an air strike in the clouds and immediately ordered the formation to rush out of the clouds, slowed down and prepared to launch an attack.
After rushing out of the clouds, Songshan Airport was right in front of you. Boruin was overjoyed. There was no warning fighter jet in the air and no anti-aircraft artillery fire on the ground. Rows of Japanese fighter jets were neatly arranged on one side of the runway and the other side
It was a huge oil depot and computer room, and the arrogant Japanese did not make any disguise.
Suppressing the ecstasy in his heart, Boluning loudly commanded through the throat telephone: "All of all, I am Boluning, launch a dive attack. Repeat, and everyone launches a dive attack." After saying that, Boluning pressed the head of the machine,
Diving towards Songshan Airport.
The first batch of bombs were accurately dropped into the center of the airport, and the explosion sounded in groups. Several Japanese pilots on standby in the cabin attempted to launch the plane to welcome the enemy, but the plane was hit by bomb debris without gliding far.
, The fire broke out. Then, the oil depot exploded, and the fire rose into the sky with rolling smoke. Then the ammunition depot exploded, and Songshan Airport became a purgatory on earth. The scene was like the replica of the Eighth Route Army Air Force's sneak attack on the Japanese airport in North China.
Seeing that the goal was achieved, Boruining ordered his return. In this battle, it bombed more than 40 Japanese aircraft, destroyed a large number of fighter jets that the Japanese army had not yet been assembled, and destroyed three years of aviation fuel and a large number of aviation airports.
Ammunition. The Japanese governor to Taiwan was immediately recalled to the country, and the commander of the Matsuyama base committed suicide.
After seven hours, the Boluning Squadron returned to Hankou Airport successfully, and the heroes were greeted by cheering crowds all over the streets.
Soong Mei-ling personally held a banquet to celebrate the heroes. The cake she gave was filled with eye-catching red words: "Salute to the volunteer pilots of the Workers and Peasants' Red Army!"
Afterwards, Boruin won the title of "Soviet Hero" of the Soviet government for bombing Songshan Airport.
At this time, the Battle of Wuhan had reached a critical period. The air forces of China and Japan launched fierce air battles many times in order to compete for air supremacy, cover ground forces to fight, and protect important goals. Although the Japanese aviation force is strong, it has passed a series of air forces in North China.
The sneak attacks and the old pilots of North China Airlines Group lost all their losses, and all the rookies were added. The aviation forces they sent to Wuhan were limited in combat. The aviation forces and naval carrier-based aircraft of the Central China dispatched troops were consumed after such a long period of combat.
The pilots also suffered great losses in battle with the Chinese Air Force and the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team. The original elite of the Chinese Air Force has basically been consumed. Now those who go to the battlefield are 200 pilots and Soviet Army Volunteer Team who have returned from training in the Soviet Union.
The pilots trained in China, plus the Soviet Air Force Volunteer Team, whose tactics are becoming more mature, have little difference in overall combat power than the Japanese army. The only difference is the number and quality of aircraft. Now, the heroic Eighth Route Army Aviation Brigade is ordered to support the Wuhan battlefield.
But a group of eagles who have been influenced by Liu Yimin and tactical training from the United States and the Soviet Union, must be careful when Japan's airports, ships on the river, and troops organizing attacks.