Just as the Prime Minister of the *** Cabinet, Jinwei Wenmo, issued the second Guards' statement, four days later than in history, the Military Order of the National Government Military Commission held the first Nanyue Military Conference in Hengshan, Nanyue on November 29. More than 200 senior generals, local commanders and other war zone chiefs attended the meeting. Zhou Enlai, representatives of the 18th Army and Ye Jianying, who flew to Hengshan after attending the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, rushed to Hengshan by plane and attended the meeting.
After the Battle of Wuhan, part of the main Japanese army pursued along the Guangdong-Han Road and captured Yueyang in mid-November. Chiang Kai-shek was worried that the Japanese army would take Changsha directly, so he ordered Hunan Provincial Chairman Zhang Zhizhong to implement a solid wall and clear the fields of Changsha, and not allow a grain of food or a material to fall into the hands of the Japanese army.
This is also the influence of Chiang Kai-shek under Liu Yimin and the Eighth Route Army's capture of Jinan. At the same time, it was also seen from the late stage of the Wuhan War that the Japanese had limited energy and did not engage in scorched earth resistance and set fire to the city. Otherwise, if they really ordered the city to burn like in history, the ancient city of Changsha would be destroyed by war.
As a result, after the Japanese army captured Yueyang, they stopped pursuing. Chiang Kai-shek then completely believed what Liu Yimin said in Xuzhou. The Japanese army was not strong enough and had exhausted its momentum. The Sino-Japanese War entered a new stage, that is, the strategic stalemate stage.
Of course, Chiang Kai-shek did not talk about the three stages of the War of Resistance Against Japan, but two periods. At this opening ceremony, Chiang Kai-shek divided the strategy and political strategy of the War of Resistance into two periods, believing that from the Lugou Bridge Incident to the retreat of Wuhan, Yueyang's fall was the first period, and then the second period.
According to Chiang Kai-shek, although we suffered setbacks in the first phase of the War of Resistance, we fought layer by layer and consumed the enemy. The second phase of the War of Resistance was a period when we turned defense to offense and defeat to victory. The general principle was that the highest was more important than military, the people were more important than soldiers, the spirit was more important than material, training was more important than combat, and guerrilla warfare was more important than regular warfare.
It may be stimulated by the Eighth Route Army's regaining Jinan, or it may be stimulated by the sensational effect of five Japanese lieutenant generals being tried in a row. Chiang Kai-shek's face was very good, his eyes were shiny, and his Ningbo accent also sounded very charming.
In Chiang Kai-shek's eyes, the Japanese army's combat characteristics are very distinct: "First, enemy officers and soldiers can move forward bravely when attacking, regardless of attacks from the front, back and left and right, and have the determination to achieve their mission to the death; Second, the enemy's battlefield discipline is extremely serious, and orders are prohibited, and they will never relax; Third, their combat methods are extremely cruel, not only against the enemy, but also against themselves; Fourth, all troops and various military groups can communicate vertically and horizontally, cooperate closely, and form one; Fifth, enemy officers and soldiers are no less capable of enduring hardship than our army, etc. "
Compared with the construction of our army, Chiang Kai-shek pointed out: "First, soldiers must eradicate the bad habits of 'insensitive' and 'invisible selfishness'; Second, the captain of the army is the focus of the establishment of the army, and officers must seek knowledge and technology, regardless of party affairs, ***, economy, society, history, geography, and science; Third, the entire *** team must be divided into three phases of rotation training; Fourth, officers at all levels must hold officer meetings at the level to supervise the thorough implementation of the resolutions of this conference."
Regarding the most painful lesson on the battlefield in more than a year, Chiang Kai-shek attributed it to the role of the Japanese detour tactics in the battlefield. He said this: "1. The biggest setbacks and losses of our army since the War of Resistance against Japan were the enemy's landing in Jinshanwei, the fall of Nanjing and the fall of Madang, and the enemy's landing in ***ya Bay. Judging from the reasons on the battlefield, these setbacks and losses were all due to the enemy's strategic and tactical encirclement of us. Second, in the future, our army must not only focus on preventing the enemy's detours on the battlefield, but also be good at using detour tactics. When the enemy attacks, it is better to have few frontal troops than to control enough reserves in the rear to attack the enemy's flanks or surround its back. This tactic has been effective. Generals at all levels must study it and use it as the basis of tactics."
Regarding our army's cumbersome and backward command system, Chiang Kai-shek proposed that reforms must be carried out: "In view of the fact that our army has too many command levels, the order reports and time-consuming transfers, and the army is quite unsatisfied, so he decided to abolish the two levels of the corps and the corps, with the army as a strategic unit. The brigades were abolished in the division, and the division directly commanded the regiments. At the same time, in order to adapt to the new situation, it is necessary to re-divid the war zones, allocate troops, and adjust the deployment. The battalions in Guangzhou, Xi'an, and Chongqing were abolished, and the two battalions in Guilin and Tianshui were set up to unify the command of the operations in each theater in the north and south battlefields."
Chiang Kai-shek's speech was equivalent to setting the tone for the entire Nanyue Military Conference. Finally, Chiang Kai-shek said sincerely: "I hope that all generals will contribute all their experiences and lessons as much as possible, and work hard to study and improve our strategies and tactics to achieve the purpose of this conference and to complete the mission of establishing the country in the War of Resistance and War."
This Nanyue Military Conference was very important, which was equivalent to summarizing the experience and lessons learned since the War of Resistance and preparing for the next war. Therefore, the people who attended the meeting spoke enthusiastically, and expressed their views on the situation of the war since the war zone and the troops participated in the war, and in addition to reporting on the battle situation, the success or failure of our army, and the areas that should be improved in the future.
Since the war started, the Japanese army's initial offensive was fierce, especially in the Pingjin battle, which was like entering a no-man's land. However, after the Chinese team stabilized its position, some battles were very remarkable. For example, the Battle of Songhu, Xinkou, Nanjing Defense, Taierzhuang, and Wuhan on the front battlefield all had the effect of delaying the enemy, consuming the enemy, and severely damaging the enemy. The most brilliant record, the most vital force was eliminated, and the most encouraging one was of course a series of classic battles in the back of the enemy by the 18th Army's instructor. It can be said that the Japanese army was so heartbroken that it greatly inspired the determination of our people to fight against the war and hit the Japanese army's arrogance.
In his speeches, Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying elaborated in detail the basic ideas of ***'s "On Protracted War" and said that this was the guiding principle for the Eighth Route Army to continue to win victory over the past year.
The Eighth Route Army's record is there, and "On Protracted War", which serves as the guiding ideology of the Eighth Route Army's Anti-Japanese War, naturally attracted everyone's attention. Deputy Chief of General Staff Bai Chongxi said: "After Mr. Mao's masterpiece was released in May this year, I have read it many times and have given a sincere *** to the Chairman. I have summarized Mr. Mao's masterpiece into two sentences: exchange space for time, and accumulate small victories to make big victories."
Bai Chongxi's two sentences were indeed well summarized. From then on, "exchange space for time, accumulate small victory into big victory" became the catchphrase of the anti-Japanese generals.
In the following discussion, Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying, the representatives of the 18th Army, became a center of the conference, and many generals sincerely asked Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying for the true meaning of guerrilla warfare.
It is no wonder that the Japanese wanted to fight quickly and go straight in. In order to defend their territory, our army had to fight to the death with the Japanese army, and it was inevitable that they would fight to the death. However, when the war reached this point, the Japanese army almost occupied the big cities of China, and then blindly engaged in large-scale battles for the most important meanings, it was not necessarily completely correct. Guerrilla warfare became the inevitable choice of our army!
The meeting immediately decided that, first, a guerrilla war training class was launched, with Chiang Kai-shek as the director, Bai Chongxi as the deputy director, Tang Enbo as the chief of education, and Ye Jianying as the deputy chief of education, the Eighth Route Army sent instructors, and *** sent officers and soldiers to participate in the rotation training to summarize and train guerrilla tactics. Second, ***'s "On Protracted War" and Chiang Kai-shek's speech were printed and distributed to each war zone, with a single volume of troops.
In addition to determining the strategy of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the first Nanyue Military Conference was to reorganize the theater and reform the military system. This issue was also the central issue discussed at the meeting.
Since Liu Yimin said at the Chengdu reporter meeting, "If I were Zhang Hanqing, I would have been ashamed to hang it on a rope, and I would still be embarrassed to survive!" After this sentence, newspapers and radio stations in major cities published and broadcasted it. After reaching the ears of Zhang Xueliang, deputy commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, he was very angry and commanded the Northeast Army to pursue the Red Army in Sichuan according to Chiang Kai-shek's orders, attempting to cooperate with the Central Army and the Sichuan Army to fight the Red Army with the Red Army. After the Fujia Battle, the Red Army headed north to occupy Sichuan, and the encirclement and suppression were self-defeating. Soon, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party began to negotiate arbitrage. Zhang Xueliang returned to Wuhan, and with free time, Liu Yimin's harsh words rang out in his ears.
After thinking about it, I felt that what Liu Yimin said might be the voice of the vast majority of Chinese people. Thinking about the great lands in Northeast China are at the hands of the enemy, if the responsibility is taken, no matter what, he will be unable to blame. In regret, Zhang Xueliang asked Chiang Kai-shek to resign and go abroad for investigation. Chiang Kai-shek quickly approved his request.
After the Lugou Bridge Incident broke out, Zhang Xueliang, who was in Europe, generated a power supply request to return to China to participate in the war. Chiang Kai-shek sent a reply to agree, but asked him to conduct an inspection and visit in European countries on behalf of the National Government to seek support. It was not until the eve of the Battle of Wuhan that Zhang Xueliang ended his trip to Europe and returned to Wuhan.
After returning to China, Zhang Xueliang discovered that the Northeast Army had been split and used, and its organization had been greatly reduced. After the early War of Resistance, the troops suffered heavy losses and were no longer the Northeast Army before he went abroad.
Zhang Xueliang went to Chiang Kai-shek angrily, but Chiang Kai-shek was even more angry than him. He said that he was young and willful, and he was in front of a great enemy. Even the *** handed over the Red Army and adapted it into the 18th Army. As the deputy commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, was he still limited to factional views? At that time, flesh and blood were flying on the battlefield of Songhu. A division would soon be wiped out. The elites of the Central Army were almost fighting for nothing. What about the Northeast Army, Hunan Army, Gui Army, and Sichuan Army?
When Soong Mei-ling saw Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang quarrel, she went out to smooth things over and personally made coffee for Zhang Xueliang. She persuaded him in a gentle manner, asking him to obey the leader and put the overall situation of the War of Resistance.
The *** people were about to occupy Wuhan. Besides, the Northeast Army was not aware of the current affairs when it was concentrated and unified. At this time, Zhang Xueliang was determined to fight against Japan and would fight back to his hometown in Northeast China as soon as possible, so he no longer had to argue with Chiang Kai-shek, but instead helped Chiang Kai-shek command the battle.
Zhang Xueliang also attended this Hengshan Military Conference. He listened to everyone's discussion at the venue and was very touched. After the first day of the meeting, he came to the official residence where Chiang Kai-shek and his wife were staying, which was He Jian's villa in Hengshan, and met Chiang Kai-shek.
This He Mansion is a two-story villa, with the lower floors of the military conference hall, Jiang Song's bedroom and small hall.
Chiang Kai-shek met with Zhang Xueliang in the military conference hall.
Zhang Xueliang went in and saw a long table and nine chairs in the military conference hall. The table was covered with green tablecloths. On the front wall was a photo of Sun Yat-sen. On the forehead was a banner with the "The world is for the public". The couplets on both sides were "The revolution has not been successful yet, and comrades still need to work hard." On both sides of the photo of Sun Yat-sen are the red national flag of the Republic of China and the blue sky and white sun party flag of the Chinese *** blue sky and white sun. On the wall entering the door were photos of Chiang Kai-shek's military uniform, the prime minister's will was hung on the wall with the left hand, and the battle pictures against Japan were hung on the wall with the left hand.
There are two chairs under the photo of Sun Yat-sen, which should be prepared for Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei.
Zhang Xueliang didn't know that Chiang Kai-shek had come to Hengshan several times since 1930 and basically lived here. In addition to the good surrounding environment and exquisite interior of this small villa, there is another reason, that is, the cabinet placed against the wall of the small living room on the first floor of the villa, which is actually a door connecting the secret passage and can directly lead to the steel and concrete air-raid shelter of the back door of the villa.
Chiang Kai-shek had a good complexion and a good attitude. When he saw Zhang Xueliang come in, he got up and took his hand, let him sit beside him, and then asked if the supper was delicious. His behavior, his tone, and his expression looked like a very amiable brother.
After Zhang Xueliang was simple and polite, he reported: "Chairman, today I heard your speech, which made Xueliang suddenly realize. After listening to the comrades' speeches, I was deeply moved. I came to visit the Chairman. There is only one thing, I want to volunteer to fight and lead the troops to confront the Japanese army directly, regardless of the horse and the horse to wrap the body."
When Chiang Kai-shek heard this, he was so happy that he had a smile on his face and said repeatedly: "Hanqing has such a mind and such ambition, it is a blessing for the country and a national journey. I am worried about something, and when Hanqing comes, his sorrow will disappear."
Zhang Xueliang didn't know what Chiang Kai-shek sold in the gourd, so he asked the Chairman what he had to worry about?
Chiang Kai-shek came to the fullest. It turned out that this military conference adjusted the war zone. The plan proposed by the military command was to organize the whole country into ten war zones, and to establish two war zones behind enemy lines. Other war zones are easy to talk about, but the only ones in the 10th war zone and the 24th war zone and the 24th war zone were not easy to handle. The 10th war zone plan included Shaanxi, Suiyuan, and Inner Mongolia, but except for the Ankang area, all of Shaanxi were under control, and the relationship was difficult to deal with. After a large-scale sweep of the Japanese army, the Eighth Route Army was active there. The same was true for the Lusu area. The jurisdiction was mainly Shandong and northern Jiangsu. It was easy to say that northern Jiangsu, with Han Deqin's 24th Army, and Shandong was mainly the Eighth Route Army. There were very few *** armed forces, and almost became the world of the Eighth Route Army.
All three theaters must coordinate their relationship with the Eighth Route Army. The candidates proposed by the Military Command are Jiang Dingwen, Commander of the Tenth War Zone, Lu Zhonglin, Commander of the Hebei-Chahar War Zone, and Yu Xuezhong, Commander of the Lusu War Zone. These three people are Chiang's direct favorites, one is a veteran of the Northwest Army, and the other is a veteran of the Northeast Army. But Chiang Kai-shek knew it in his mind, and no one of them could compete with them.
Especially in Shandong, where Liu Yimin's instructor was famous and had great achievements. Chiang Kai-shek disagreed with letting Liu Yimin be the commander-in-chief of the Lusu War Zone, and the right-wing veterans in the *** would never agree. They were planning how to develop a different party! But if Liu Yimin was not allowed to be, the sent people must have prestige and qualifications, and they can control Liu Yimin, otherwise everything would be empty talk.
A few days ago, Liu Yimin attacked. After the Japanese army announced the news, Chiang Kai-shek quickly issued several orders, one of which was to send the Minister of Military Affairs He Yingqin to inspect Shandong's work. The purpose was to use He Yingqin's reputation to control the Shandong troops. Even if it was not good, it would be a part of the Shandong Eighth Route Army. As a result, Liu Yimin survived the disaster and quickly sent a telegram. He Yingqin naturally could not go, and it would be a joke to go again.
After Zhang Xueliang volunteered, Chiang Kai-shek suddenly had a suitable candidate, and asked Zhang Xueliang to choose any of the commanders and commanders of the 10th War Zone, the Hebei-Chahar War Zone and the Lusu War Zone. When going to the 10th War Zone, you can lead the elite of the Central Army of Chiang Dingwen's troops, and when going to the Lusu War Zone, you can take him to the Xuezhong Third Army.
When Zhang Xueliang heard this, did Chiang Kai-shek harm him? He immediately shook his head and refused, and said that there was no need to set up the 10th War Zone. Shaanxi is now the rear of the Anti-Japanese War, and should encourage *** to provide supplies to the front line in Shanxi. In addition to ***, there is also Fu Zuoyi's troops in Suiyuan area, which is just included in Yan Xishan Second War Zone or Zhu Shaoliang's Eighth War Zone, so there is no need to have conflicts with ***. As for the Lusu War Zone, he would not go anyway. Liu Yimin said he was worthless in his words. How could he cooperate?
Before Zhang Xueliang could speak again, Chiang Kai-shek scolded him for being stupid and ignorant. He would sooner or later be defeated and could not watch the *** grow and grow. In that way, the party and the country would be destroyed. The 10th War Zone, the Hebei-Chahar War Zone, and the Lusu War Zone must be set up. One is to carry out guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, consume the enemy, and delay the enemy's attack on the rear. The other is to restore the influence and control of the National Government in these areas. Compared with other war zones, the responsibility is greater and the task is heavier.
Zhang Xueliang's temper was a typical warlord's second-generation temper. When Chiang Kai-shek scolded, the two of them started to fuck him. Soong Mei-ling was so panicked that she hurried from the bedroom to persuade him to fight. While saying that Chiang Kai-shek was not as handsome as a brother, he didn't know how to speak well, and what kind of thing to do! At the same time, he said that Zhang Xueliang was ignorant and that people occupied Wuhan. He didn't know how to share his brother's worries, but instead made his brother angry. When would he be more sensible?
This person is so strange, Zhang Xueliang likes to listen to Soong Mei-ling's words. It is the same thing, when Chiang Kai-shek said it, the two of them quarreled. As soon as Soong Mei-ling said it, he even comforted and scolded him, and he made a dignified deputy commander-in-chief without any temper.
Finally, Zhang Xueliang stopped arguing with Chiang Kai-shek. After drinking a cup of coffee from Soong Mei-ling, he said that he would not serve as the commander-in-chief of the war zone and agreed that Yu Xuezhong led the Third Army as the commander-in-chief of the Lusu War Zone. He himself stopped attending the meeting and went back to Chongqing to calm down and study the later training of the troops.