Jewski's move has to be said to be taking a risk. Although Jewski's position in the rebel army is not lacking in challengers, as the nominal supreme commander of the rebel army, Jewski's position has to be said to be very important.
Although August's envoy had clearly informed Jewski that Kornjol, the commander of the three thousand Polish troops, was August's confidant, after all, any changes on the battlefield were possible, and in such a situation
Despite the circumstances, Jewski still dared to sneak into the Polish military camp, which shows his charisma.
After reaching an agreement with Koenyol, Jewski left the Polish military camp under Koenyol's arrangement. Fortunately, Koenyol successfully concealed Kulichkov's eyes and ears in the Polish military camp, otherwise
Whether Jewski and his party can leave the Polish military camp safely is indeed a big problem.
Early the next morning, under Kulichkov's order, 3,000 Russian troops and 3,000 Polish troops set up an offensive formation opposite the rebel defense line.
In order to eliminate the rebels blocking the road as quickly as possible, Kulichkov ordered the Russian army to be deployed in the center and the Polish troops to be deployed on the two wings. Kulichkov believed that although the rebels opposite looked relatively
They were elite, but at best they were just a group of peasants who had undergone certain training. Facing the attack of three thousand elite Russian troops, it might only take one charge to defeat the rebel army on the opposite side.
Kulichkov's understanding of the rebel army was not too wrong. Although these nationalists organized the backbone of the team in the rebel army and conducted certain military training, they were limited by the Polish government and the Russian army.
In order to prevent the government and the Russians from being noticed, these insurgents did not even conduct shooting training.
After the uprising is successful, because of the halo of protagonists hanging over the rebels, during the siege of cities and territories, the cities they are planning to conquer are often captured without attacking as soon as the rebels show their banners. This seems easy.
The results of the battle also left the rebel army without any training, and the gap between an army that lacked training and the first-class Russian army in Europe was even more obvious.
Kulichkov, who was full of confidence, looked at the rebel position not far away with a smile on his face. What was strikingly similar was that Yevitsky, who was not far away from him, also looked at it with a smile on his face.
Russian Army.
The artillery in the Russian army pushed artillery pieces to the front line. In this era, the artillery used by European countries basically only had field guns, cannons, howitzers and mortars with cylindrical bottom chambers.
In fact, the artillery classification system originated in France. The French field army in 1730 used a variety of ammunition, either manufactured in France or imported from foreign countries, with various calibers. Such an artillery ammunition system was a nightmare for all artillery logistics officers.
Artillery transportation was another big challenge, because the cannons at that time were usually extremely heavy and heavy. For example, a 12-pound field cannon required 9 horses, and sometimes even calves. It can be seen that these cannon trucks
It is extremely inflexible and quick.
On October 7, 1732, the French Royal Decree adopted the Valliere system, which replaced the previous complex systems in the French Army. The most important purpose of this system was to streamline various complex ammunition calibers and make the cannon barrel more precise.
Standardized with the mortar barrel, ammunition and artillery can be manufactured in France.
The nascent French army artillery system included 4-pounder, 8-pounder, 12-pounder, 16-pounder and 24-pounder cannon, as well as 8-inch and 12-inch mortars. Although no official definition exists, 4-pounder, 8-pounder and 12-pounder are generally considered
Field artillery, while those heavier cannons are more suitable for urban warfare. The transportation and maneuvering methods of all artillery are unified, and the rate of fire of the artillery is inversely proportional to the caliber.
However, the new system fell behind after only being used for a period of time. In the War of Austrian Succession, light field artillery became an urgent need. Because light artillery is flexible enough to accompany infantry battalions in battle. In the Valliere system
On the basis of this, various light artillery were gradually added, most of which were temporarily added by Marshal Sachs, the first general of the French army at that time. Most of these additions were completed in a hurry and lacked a clear system.
During the Seven Years' War, the need for light field artillery was again raised. On 20 January 1757, two Swedish-style 4-pounders were issued to each infantry battalion. In 1759, the Rothstein cannon was also added.
Go in. However, these small-scale reforms cannot have immediate results, and they will not help improve the current situation of a fundamentally old artillery. Not only that, the performance of the mortars in urban warfare is also worrying.
Another major flaw of this system was the lack of field howitzers, which had been widely used by the Dutch and British at the end of the 17th century. This new type of artillery aroused the interest of many people because it was relatively lightweight and could
Fired explosive shells, shrapnel shells and solid projectiles. The lack of howitzers became apparent during the War of Austrian Succession, so field artillery officers had been urging their introduction.
And now I have to talk about a famous person, that is Jean-Baptiste Wagette de Gribois.
Gribeauvoir was born in Amiens on December 4, 1715. Young Jean-Baptiste showed special talents in the fields of science and mathematics, so his parents encouraged him to study artillery. In 1757, Gribeauvoir
He was sent to Vienna to serve as an artillery liaison officer in the Austrian army allied with France. When he arrived in Austria, the Austrian artillery was already recognized as the most advanced artillery in Europe. This achievement was due to the great Austrian artillery.
The efforts of the General-in-Chief, Joseph Wenzel, Prince of Liechtenstein.
The prince was appointed chief of artillery in 1744 and served until 1772. The performance of the Austrian artillery in the War of Austrian Succession was unsatisfactory. After the war, the Prince of Liechtenstein quickly began the work of modernizing the Austrian artillery.
He started with equipment and personnel, and even invested part of his private property. According to Liechtenstein's artillery system, artillery was clearly divided into two categories: field artillery and city artillery. The weight of the artillery was generally reduced, and the structure was also reduced.
It is more concise. The gun mount has a height adjuster that is controlled by screw rotation, and the tools required by the gunner are also hung on both sides of the gun mount for easy access. These tools include purge bars for loading shells and hand levers. New artillery
Also included are other improvements to make gun operation easier.
Gribois, who had always been good at observing, kept these improvements in mind. He had already firmly believed in the necessity of artillery reform, and as early as 1748 he had carried out the preliminary design of a rotating gun mount, which was suitable for fortress guns and shore guns, and would
Becoming a creative invention. During the Seven Years' War, Gribois accumulated a lot of front-line combat experience. First as an artillery liaison officer in the French Army, and then starting in 1759, he participated in the war in the Austrian Army with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
.In 1762, he was promoted to major general. In September and October, as commander of artillery and engineers, he resisted the attack of the Prussian Army at the Schwednitz Fortress in Silesia and achieved outstanding military exploits. On October 9, he was stationed in the fortress.
The commander of the army, Count Gusco, surrendered to the Prussians because the fortress had run out of ammunition.
The Prussian army suffered 7,000 casualties in this battle, while the Austrian army suffered less than 1,000 casualties. The defensive battle that took place in Schwednitz, especially the artillery operations in this battle, was widely circulated throughout Europe.
, during the days when Gribewa was imprisoned in Prussia, Frederick II tried to persuade him to join the Prussian army, but ultimately failed. Gribewa later returned to Austria, and Queen Maria Theresa promoted him to
Lieutenant General, and sent her own handwritten letter of thanks and a diamond-encrusted portrait chain of the Empress. She hoped that Gribeauval could stay in the Austrian army. However, Gribeauard returned to Paris after the war.
After returning to Paris, in order to put an end to the debate on the combat effectiveness of the French artillery in service, Gribeau made a special trip to Strasbourg. There, Gribeau will test it under the supervision of the observation team.
The new artillery designed by him. This observation group is directly responsible for the commander of the Alsace Front, Marshal Condade, and includes a number of artillery experts. With the assistance of reformist officers such as Malitz, Gomer and Rothstein
, further improvements were added to the new artillery system. Ultimately, the results of the tests firmly proved the superiority of the Gribeauard system. The report written by Gribeauard and the rest of the Strasbourg test results report
on the basis of.
The French Ministry of War drafted a royal decree announcing the adoption of a new artillery system in 1765. The draft was approved by the Duke of Sauisset, and was finally approved by the king at the royal council on August 13.
The royal decree permitting the introduction of the Gribeau system came into effect on October 15, 1765. This reform involved field guns and howitzers; mortars were initially ignored until reintroduced 20 years later. The most significant aspects of the system
The reforms were all aimed at field artillery. In fact, one of the shortcomings of the Valliere system was its failure to distinguish the heavy artillery used in urban warfare and fortresses from the field artillery that assisted 18th-century line formations in field operations.
The Grybewa system, at its most extensive period, included the following:
Field artillery:
12-pounder, 8-pounder and 4-pounder cannon
1 pounder light gun (Rostan gun?)
6 inch howitzer
Fortress and garrison artillery:
24 pound, 16 pound, long barrel 12 pound, long barrel 8 pound and long barrel 4 pound cannons
8 inch howitzer
12-inch, 10-inch and 8-inch mortars (cylindrical bottom chamber)
12-inch, 10-inch and 8-inch Gomel mortar (cone bottom chamber)
15-inch stone mortar
Now after more than ten years of development, the Gribeauval system has proven to be effective. Therefore, soon after the French artillery was implemented, the Gribeau system was introduced by various European countries. Of course, the artillery between European countries also has some differences.
The difference led to the existence of the Prussian three-pounder gun.
Nowadays, the field artillery of the armies of various European countries is basically composed of four-pounders mixed with six-pounders and eight-pounders. Due to the inconvenience of transportation, the twelve-pounder cannon cannot be used by a small army unless it is in a decisive battle with a large army.
To carry it on the battlefield.
PS: Thank you Zhuang Liang and 75321 for the big reward. I really can’t repay the kindness. Because I asked you to go have a drink tonight, so you know this content. I heard a good news today, and I will share it with you on Friday.