Submarines are a very effective weapon for a party with a weaker navy in a sea battle. Submarines do not help the navy to control the sea, but they will destroy a country's maritime traffic. The purpose of submarine warfare is to make it impossible for the navy to effectively use it.
The original meaning of the control of the sea is that since I can't use the shipping rights on the water, I can't let you use it either.
Just like a robber who blocks a road, he eventually achieves the goal of blocking the trade route due to the fear he creates.
Submarine warfare has very limited effects on a continental country, but it is fatal to an island country. Island countries like the United Kingdom and Japan are very disgusted and afraid of submarine warfare. The British even tried to use submarines
It is included in the international convention prohibiting the use of weapons, but for most countries this is ridiculous behavior.
Regarding the effectiveness of submarine operations, the Chinese Navy actually had a deep awareness of the effectiveness of submarine operations in the late Qing Dynasty. The "Treaty of Bethlehem" even included a plan to build 100 submarines for the Chinese Navy, but it was ultimately abandoned due to strong opposition from the Japanese.
In 1913, the Beiyang Navy sent Han Yuheng, Chen Hongtai and others, led by Wei Han, to the United States to study submarine manufacturing and established a naval submarine school in Mawei. However, the Beiyang Navy's efforts to purchase submarines were blocked by the Japanese.
In 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the British promised to allocate four seized German submarines to the Chinese Navy for research. However, this allocation plan was eventually scrapped amid strong protests from the Japanese.
The sudden change of heart by the British made Chen Shaokuan, the naval representative attending the Paris Peace Conference, overjoyed.
The Republican Navy has never given up its efforts to obtain submarines. After the European War, a large number of German companies and engineering and technical personnel came to China, which made a qualitative leap in the domestic industrial technology level. The Republican Navy will transfer the hope of obtaining submarines from foreign purchases to
Built domestically.
In 1923, Xinyu Iron and Steel Plant cooperated with the German Krupp Company to produce high-strength stainless steel pressure-resistant steel plates. Later, Taiyuan Baojin Iron and Steel Company also developed high-strength stainless steel plates that were even stronger than Krupp products. This made
The country has the basic conditions for building submarines.
In terms of internal combustion engine technology, China does not lag behind the world, but in terms of high-horsepower marine diesel engines, the Germans are still slightly better. The MAN diesel engine produced by Wuhu Heavy Machinery Factory and imported technology from Germany soon became the first choice of the Republic of the Navy. In 1925
, the Navy Department had planned to build an experimental submarine with a displacement of 528 tons, but the plan was vetoed by the President. According to the President, the Navy Department said that "submarines must take the road of large-scale and ocean-going" and "China must build its own submarine force."
"Instructions were given to restart the construction and design of a new experimental submarine.
Although the Treaty of Versailles stipulates that Germans are not allowed to transfer military technology to third countries, German engineers working in China will not pay attention to this. They also want to use these technologies to get bonuses in China so that they can help people living in poverty.
Relatives in Germany live a slightly better life.
Alfred Jr. was even more ambitious. He wanted to conduct experiments in China in order to accumulate the necessary technology and reserve talents for the future reconstruction of the German army and the realization of Germany's rejuvenation.
Germania Shipyard, owned by Krupp, quickly reached a cooperation agreement with Wuhu Shipyard. Germania will provide technical support and establish a submarine manufacturing plant at Wuhu Shipyard. Each submarine built by Wuhu Shipyard will
Pay 5% of the total cost to Germania as a technology transfer fee.
Germania Werft was Germany's main submarine manufacturer during World War I.
Soon, Wuhu Shipyard submitted two detailed instructions for submarine construction to the Naval Design Bureau.
One of them is based on the U-81 mass-produced medium-sized submarine built by Germany in 1916. The design code is HQ-101. Its performance indicators are 57 meters in length, 922 tons/1062 tons in displacement, and 17.2 knots/9.8 speed.
6 knots, the power system is two imitation MAN diesel engines (3800 horsepower), 2 SCD-860 1350 horsepower large electric motors manufactured by Shanghai Electric Machinery Factory. 6 533mm torpedo launch tubes (4 in the front and 2 in the rear), carrying
It has 18 bombs (including 6 in the launch tube) and a 105mm naval gun.
Another type is designed based on the German U-135 large ocean-going submarine of 1918. The design code is HQ-201. Its performance indicators are 72 meters in length, 1278 tons/1680 tons in displacement, and 17.5 knots/10 knots (underwater).
, the power system is two imitation MAN diesel engines (4600 horsepower), 2 SCD-860 1750 horsepower large electric motors manufactured by Shanghai Electric Machinery Factory. 6 533mm torpedo launch tubes (4 in the front and 2 in the rear), bomb load
18 pieces (including 6 pieces in the launch tube), one 150mm naval gun.
The overall performance of the two types of German submarines was very good, and the Navy was unable to choose between them. It finally decided to build two of each type, with Wuhu Shipyard and Mawei Naval Shipyard building one of each type. However, at the beginning of construction, according to the instructions of superiors,
All the guns equipped on the submarine have been changed to one size smaller.
Lin Shuo was shocked when he saw the originally designed submarine equipped with a 150mm gun. Damn it, these people don't want the submarine to float on the water and bombard the destroyer, right?
To deal with merchant ships, a 105mm caliber is sufficient.
The HQ-101 test submarine was eventually equipped with a 75mm rapid-fire gun, while the HQ-102 was equipped with a 105mm gun. Although the 88mm gun designed by the Germans had excellent performance, in order to ensure the unification and simplification of logistics, the Republican Navy
The artillery has been using only a few standard calibers and was excluded from the plan at the earliest.
These days, a submarine is simply a surface attack ship that can dive underwater. To deal with merchant ships with a displacement of less than 3,000 tons, it is much more cost-effective to use artillery shells than torpedoes. Moreover, the torpedoes are huge, and each submarine has a large bomb load.
The quantity is limited. After reducing the caliber of the artillery, the number of shells carried increased by one-third.
The construction of four experimental submarines of the Republic Navy started one after another in September 1928. Their construction speed was much faster than that of surface ships. Even if it was the first time for the Republic Navy to build a submarine, the stainless steel pressure hull had to be solved during the construction process.
There were many problems such as difficulty in welding, but only 11 months after the start of construction, the first submarine was delivered to the Republic Navy for navigation tests.
In the construction of aircraft carriers, the Japanese were ahead of the Republican Navy.
In fact, the emergence of a powerful aviation force is just an accident of the Japanese Navy. Because the Japanese Navy's aviation force was not originally intended to deal with the United States, but to deal with China.
The Republic Navy established an air force very early, but it was not so focused on the construction of aircraft carriers.
The pioneer of the aircraft carrier was the American Ely. On October 14, 1910, he piloted a Curtiss biplane and successfully took off from a temporary wooden runway on the upper deck of the cruiser "Birmingham" parked in Virginia Harbor. The second
On January 18, 2011, in San Francisco Bay, he successfully piloted a plane to land on the deck of the cruiser USS Pennsylvania.
Due to the increasingly widespread use of aircraft during the European War, various naval powers during the European War had the idea of building a specialized maritime flight platform-an aviation combat ship. However, due to the shortage of materials at the time, it was not implemented.
After the European War, all major naval powers began experiments in building aviation battleships. The "Sports God" built by the British in 1918 was the world's first specially built aviation battleship, while the Japanese launched it in November 1921.
The completed aircraft carrier "Fengxiang" became the world's first aviation warship.
Moreover, the "Hongxiang" built by the Japanese is actually closer to the style of an aviation battleship during World War II than the British "Horse". The "Hongxiang" is also the first aircraft carrier in the world to use an upper right island-style building on the deck.
Later, for unknown reasons, the Japanese dismantled the island-style building and changed it into a fully-passenger "flat-deck aviation battleship". This can not but be said to be a setback in the development of aircraft carriers at home and abroad.
After the Japanese built the "Hosho", it was actually just an "iron box" that could swim on the sea. The first problem they encountered was that there was no airplane.
Japan's aviation industry did not attract the attention of the military at first. It only relied on private investment to "make small efforts". At first, there was only one aircraft manufacturing factory, "Mitsubishi Internal Combustion Engine Co., Ltd.", and later Nakajima, Kawasaki, and Mitsubishi gradually appeared.
Wait for the manufacturer.
It was not until the summer of 1923 that the Japanese finally equipped the "Hosho" with all the aircraft.
The Republic Navy also began the development of "aviation battleships" as early as 1921. Limited by the ship manufacturing capabilities at the time, coupled with the naval department's contempt for "aviation battleships", it was not until 1925 that Japan's "Soryu" was designated
The first aircraft carrier was designed in the style of the "No. 1" aviation combat ship.
In this time and space, the Republic Navy called aircraft carriers aviation battleships, and Lin Shuo finally had no choice but to do as the Romans did. Perhaps the title aviation battleship was more in line with the characteristics of this new type of battleship.
This design of an "aviation combat ship" with a standard displacement of 12,000 tons was directly "shot" by the president. The naval ship department had no choice but to start designing the "president's toy" again in accordance with the president's requirements. In the end, the Republic Navy's first experimental aviation ship
The construction of the battleship "Guangdong" began in March 1928 at the newly built Shantou Shipyard of the Navy.
Later, the President allocated funds from the Navy's special construction funds to start construction of the second "Guangdong-class" ship "Guangxi" at Luoyuan Shipyard. Since various tests and experiments have been carried out, and the construction process has continued
Some changes were made, and it was not until July 1931 that the "Guangdong", which took more than three years to complete, was just completed and launched.
The "Guangdong-class" aviation battleship is the world's first aviation battleship to adopt a fully enclosed bow and stern through-deck. The island-type superstructure on the right rear side and the chimney integrated with the island-type building are tilted outward. In order to balance the counterweight, the left
The side deck is extended as far as possible, at least in appearance, it already conforms to the characteristics of another world's classic aircraft carrier during World War II.
The "Guangdong-class" aviation warship has a standard displacement of 21,600 tons, a waterline length of 231 meters, a flight deck length of 236 meters, a ship width of 23.5 meters, a flight deck width of 31 meters, a draft of 8.3 meters, and is powered by 10 navy-specific heavy oil boilers and 3 steam turbines.
, three axes, three propellers and twin rudders in parallel, with a power of 126,000 horsepower, a maximum speed of 31 knots, and an endurance of 8,200 nautical miles/18 knots.
The "Guangdong-class" flight deck is required to be able to withstand dive attacks from 500 kilogram aerial bombs. In order to meet this requirement, three layers of armor with a total thickness of 135 mm are specially designed. Due to the increased center of gravity caused by the installation of horizontal armor, this
The number of carrier-based aircraft had to be reduced and the hangar was designed to be one floor.
The final number of "Guangdong-class" aviation combatants was only 51 carrier-based aircraft, which was about one-third less than the number of aircraft carrier-based aircraft from various countries in service during the same period, but its protection level was much higher than that of aviation battleships from various countries built during the same period.
.
In this era, due to the limitations of aircraft performance, it is almost impossible to use aerial bombs to sink a battleship. Countries basically use aviation battleships as auxiliary ships. Although this was carried out in 1928
The "Mitchell Test" has proved that the aerial bombs or torpedoes carried by the aircraft are enough to sink a heavy battleship with a displacement of more than 30,000 tons, but the results are still debated within the Navy because of the "Mitchell Test"
The target is a stationary target parked on the water.
How could a battleship maneuvering at high speed on the sea be sunk by a small plane?
The inertia of traditional thinking imprisons people's thoughts.