When a country is at war and has entered a wartime regime for two years, how fast it builds key projects can be seen from the construction speed of the Yaoting Bay Nuclear Power Plant.
In October 1938, Daraa, a plain area in the basin of the Cardamom Mountains, was still a barren land, full of thorns and jungles. However, just two months later, it was opened by Yaoting Port (August 1939,
The railway from Kampong Som City (renamed Yaoting City) to Dara is fully connected. There are four engineering divisions with nearly 100,000 people, more than 1,000 construction machinery, 24 airships, and 180 helicopters participating in the railway
construction work.
At the same time as the railway was being built, a valley basin with a radius of fifty kilometers was quickly sorted out, and various buildings began to be built in the center of the basin according to the design drawings. In just one year, a fully equipped facility was built.
City - lined with residential areas, European villas built in the mountains, wide streets connecting all parts of the city, schools, supermarkets, power plants, cinemas, libraries, concert halls, post offices, department stores, churches
, temples and reservoirs providing domestic water are all available.
On the surface, there is no difference between this place and an ordinary city, but within a few kilometers to dozens of kilometers around the "city" community, in addition to the deliberately preserved primitive jungle, there are many barbed wire fences and dense watchtowers.
Various light and dark outposts, huge air defense positions and missile launch bases make it difficult for even birds to cross here.
Urban construction is in the ascendant, and scientists, workers, technicians and their families transferred from all over the country are constantly gathering here to receive their own houses and then immediately plunge into intense work. By August this year, the city
The population has exceeded 500,000. In addition to nuclear energy experts, energy-consuming electromagnetic, electronic, metallurgical, power and other research laboratories have also been relocated here. Countless laboratories have turned Deira into a science and technology city.
The core of Deira is the Yaoting Bay Nuclear Power Plant. As early as the rapid development of urban construction, the construction of the nuclear power plant had already started at the same time.
Yaotingwan Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant using pressurized water reactor technology. Its core is the pressurized water reactor, and the reactor core is installed in the pressure vessel.
According to the design plan, the core of the pressurized water reactor is composed of more than one hundred square fuel assemblies, each of which has more than two hundred fuel element rods. A pressurized water reactor has a total of more than 20,000 to 40,000 fuel element rods.
Each component rod is three meters long and ten millimeters in diameter. The rod is filled with uranium dioxide fuel pellets. The distance between rods is three millimeters.
The first circuit of a nuclear reactor is a high-temperature and high-pressure closed system, consisting of a reactor, a pressure shell, a main circulation pump, a main pipeline, a pressure regulator and a steam generator.
This loop uses pressurized water as the heat carrier and moderator, which is pumped by the main circulation pump, enters the core, and flows from bottom to top through the gap between the fuel element rods to remove the low-concentration uranium-235 nuclei in the fuel element.
The heat generated by fission is taken away, then flows out from the pressure shell and enters the steam generator. Through thousands of heat transfer tubes, the heat is transferred to the secondary loop water outside the tubes to generate steam, which drives the turbine generator to generate electricity.
After the heat transfer agent flows out of the steam generator, it returns to the main circulation pump and is then sent into the reactor core, forming a completely closed circulation system. The function of the pressure stabilizer is to act as a buffer when the volume of water changes due to temperature changes in the system.
function to keep the system pressure stable at all times.
The purpose of using high-pressure water as the heat-carrying agent in this loop is to increase the temperature of the heat-carrying agent in order to improve the thermal efficiency of the power station without boiling. It is important to know that large-scale boiling in the core must be avoided in the construction of pressurized water reactors because it
It will cause the fuel elements to burn out. The thermal efficiency of this circuit is about 30 to 35%. The thermal efficiency utilization rate is lower than that of high-temperature and high-pressure thermal power stations. However, considering the price of the uranium purchased by Nanhua
, many times more economical than thermal power stations.
As for the second loop system of the reactor, this system is not fundamentally different from a conventional thermal power station. The steam generated by the steam generator drives the turbine generator unit to generate electrical energy. After the work is done, the pan-cooling is repeated in the condenser.
It is condensed into water, and then passes through the condensate pump and feed water pump, and then returns to the steam generator for recycling.
Therefore, the main difference between a nuclear power plant and a conventional thermal power plant lies in the equipment that generates steam. A thermal power plant is a coal-burning boiler, while a nuclear power plant is a loop system consisting of a nuclear reactor, a steam generator, etc.
However, because no country in the world has had experience in building nuclear power plants before, and many data obtained in the laboratory may not be accurate and reliable, so as early as the paper design work of the nuclear power plant, the root causes of the accident were eliminated as much as possible
, minimize the degree of harm.
According to Ding Molan's suggestion, it was stipulated that the main equipment such as the pressure shell, main pipeline, steam generator, etc. should be made of tough steel to avoid brittle explosion accidents. The design and manufacturing equipment were strictly regulated, and the finished products were subjected to non-destructive testing in advance using various methods.
, to ensure nothing goes wrong.
Professor Fermi, a Jewish nuclear physicist, further suggested that nuclear power plants should ensure inherent safety in the core design, such as rationally selecting the water-to-uranium ratio in light water reactors and making full use of the Doppler effect of uranium-238.
Make the reactor self-stabilizing; limit the reactivity introduction rate, such as using only low-efficiency control rods, limiting the
This can not only save costs, but also limit the change rate of other control means such as the boron concentration in the first circuit water of the pressurized water reactor, thereby eliminating the possibility of a rapid increase in reactor power; setting up fault and safety principles, such as control rods
Due to the electrical and mechanical design, the control rod automatically falls when the power supply is interrupted to increase controllability.
In order to meet these requirements, the engineers responsible for the design of the nuclear power plant conducted millions of calculations on electronic computers and conducted systematic experiments in the laboratory before starting construction with confidence.
Master Li Jiaxian, a nuclear physicist from southern Yunnan, designed an automatic adjustment system and safety protection system.
The function of this system is to maintain the normal operation of the reactor and its auxiliary equipment within the allowable operating conditions. The function of the safety protection system is to enable the reactor to automatically shut down or reduce power when the operating parameters exceed the allowable limit.
In the design of these systems, Li Jiaxian creatively proposed the principles of repeatability, testability and diversity. Repeatability means that each parameter is measured by several independent channels, and takes 2/3, 2/4, etc.
In line with the principle, it avoids an accident in a measurement channel itself and gives an error signal, causing the automatic adjustment system or safety protection system to misoperate. You can check whether each channel is intact during operation to detect hidden dangers in time and ensure that the system is in good condition.
Working state or readiness state.
Diversity means that for the same kind of accident, in addition to one main protection parameter, there are one or several backup protection parameters with completely different principles. For example, if the reactor power suddenly increases, in addition to the ionization chamber signal, there is also the temperature of the heat transfer agent.
Circuit pressure is used as backup protection.
Experts and professors such as nuclear fission physicists Fritz Strassmann and Lise Meitner have designed a series of countermeasures in the event of an accident based on the characteristics of nuclear fission. For example, the most serious accident in pressurized water reactors
The most common accident is a water loss accident, such as a rupture of the main pipeline, causing the reactor core to lose cooling and melt. In view of this,
In the event of an accident, their suggestion is to set up a safe injection system to inject cooling water into the core in the event of a water loss accident to maintain cooling. Another example is to set up emergency power supplies such as quick start for power outages caused by earthquakes, tsunamis or floods.
Diesel generators provide power to key equipment to ensure safe shutdown of the power station.
Quantum physicists Max Planck and Professor Max Born came up with a design drawing of an anti-diffusion barrier for radioactive materials in the laboratory. This design resulted in three barriers around the pressurized water reactor:
The first is the fuel element cladding, which retains most of the fission products in the cladding. However, there are too many elements, and the south side will break during operation. Some of the fission products, especially gases and volatile elements, will be lost if krypton is used.
, iodine, bromine, etc. will enter the primary loop. The corrosion products will also become radioactive substances after activation, and tritium will be produced in the heat transfer agent. These radioactive substances are retained in the second barrier primary loop.
At the same time, the power station has also designed a wastewater and waste gas treatment system to continuously extract and process the radioactive materials in the primary water, so that their concentration is reduced to the allowable standard before being sent to the artificial river for dilution and discharge. Finally, once the most serious disaster occurs
In the event of a primary circuit rupture, the third barrier containment will keep all radioactive materials within the containment for a long time to prevent leakage.
From the time when the first tank of concrete for the nuclear island floor was poured on January 26, 1939, to August 1, in less than two years, Nanhua's builders have built a total of ten 600,000-kilowatt nuclear reactors and installed a total of
Sixty steam turbine generator units with a total of 6 million kilowatts and construction of supporting workshops and transmission facilities.
This newly built nuclear power plant area mainly includes the core part, waste treatment, water supply and drainage, power supply, maintenance, warehouse, factory front area, etc. The entire plant has more than 280,000 pieces of equipment, including 6,890 pieces of equipment in Nanhua.
Nineteen factories supply steam turbines and engines
Motors, steam generators, reactor internals, nuclear fuel elements, reactor building ring cranes, pressure shells, main pumps and other equipment are all customized by the designated factory. They must be completed first before other production can be carried out to ensure the smooth progress of the nuclear power plant construction project.
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While the construction of nuclear power plants is ongoing, nuclear fuel refining and enrichment plants are also being constructed intensively.
The electricity output from Dara's large thermal power plant drove the first refining and enrichment plant with 400 gas centrifuges. These gas centrifuges were connected in series to refine uranium fuel with a concentration of four to five percent, and then put it into
These fuels are injected into element rods, designed into precision cores, and placed inside the pressure vessel in a pressurized water reactor.
Different from the three methods adopted by the United States: magnetic separation, gas diffusion and thermal diffusion to produce high-concentration uranium, Nanhua followed the technical path of centrifugal separators from the beginning due to the guidance of Tesla.
Industrial centrifuge technology was born in Europe. In the mid-19th century, three-legged centrifuges for textile dehydration and top-suspension centrifuges for separating crystallized sugar in sugar factories appeared. These earliest centrifuges were intermittent operations and
Slag discharge is performed manually. Due to the improvement of the slag discharge mechanism, by the early 1930s, continuously operating centrifuges had appeared, and intermittent operating centrifuges also developed rapidly due to the realization of automatic control.
The reason why the genius scientist Nikola Tesla set his sights on gas centrifuges was because his experimental application was blocked.
Since Tesla conducted the normal guidance projection orbit experiment in August 2038, in January last year, Tesla once again applied for funds from Gong Qian to build another 200-meter-long track and strengthen the coil output.
Regarding the strength of the magnetic field, the most special thing is that this track adopts a closed vacuum design and is equipped with a cooling system.
As a result, except for the sonic boom encountered when the payload exited, everything was normal. Subsequently, Tesla conducted several more experiments, especially after conducting live animal experiments, and modified the original design. After testing again, he came to the conclusion
: There are no technical problems with the mass projector, and the current design is perfect!
Last August, Tesla officially submitted an application to An Yi, requesting to build a full-size mass projector for actual testing. As a result, the total cost of the project was as high as 8 billion yuan, which scared An Yi.
It was so embarrassing that he took the initiative to raise his hands to Tesla and explained the current actual situation of Nanhua, saying that it was simply unable to afford such financial expenditure, and it would even be difficult to achieve it in the next five to ten years. After all, Nanhua’s primary purpose now is to obtain the
Victory in war, rather than unbridled climb to the peak of science and technology.
Seeing Tesla depressed, An Yi couldn't bear it, so he suggested that Tesla first improve how to collect sunlight on a large scale, how to convert sunlight into electricity, how to store the collected electricity and convert it into microwaves to emit to the ground, etc.
Technical preparations will be made so that in the future, after the construction of the permanent missile launch orbit is completed and large payloads are launched into space, there will be ready-made remote power transmission technology.
So, Tesla was bored, so he put down his work, participated in the design of some nuclear weapons devices, and made a ruby laser. Then Tesla, who found it very interesting, worked hard to develop helium-neon lasers and carbon dioxide lasers.
And some gas lasers were made along with it.
Tesla liked these luminous things very much and couldn't put them down, so he began to study lasers of various other colors. But before that, at the request of Ding Molan, he directly used the tracking radar he designed and slightly modified it to measure laser speed.
, rangefinders and even trackers were produced.
Needless to say, Gong Qian was overjoyed when she got the actual object. While telling An Yi the good news, she ordered it to be immediately converted to military use and assigned a scientific research team to immediately study laser guidance control. Of course, this is not difficult, as long as
Just combine the functional relationship between the output of the actuator in the control system and each control signal and the laser reflection search. Of course, it will take some time to solve the details, but now Nanhua's radar, electromagnetic, and infrared guidance technologies have already
It's extremely developed, so there's no need to rush.
An Yi was very surprised when he heard about Tesla's technological invention. Although he didn't understand technology, he knew that another function of laser is the optical disc technology of later generations. However, this is much more troublesome than laser ranging guidance. The optical disc
Coating, dye, burning, transparent plastic protective layer, etc.
As for the encoding method, these must be considered. After explaining to Ding Molan, this strange woman with extremely high understanding immediately included this task in the long-term development plan of the institute, which means that in the next ten years, I am afraid that it will not be able to see
The results will be achieved, but they will definitely appear decades ahead of the original results.
The gas centrifuge designed by Tesla was a technological revolution for uranium refining and enrichment technology. Its principle is to place a high-speed drum in a space, fill the space with gaseous uranium hexafluoride, and use it at the bottom of the drum
A regularly changing magnetic field causes the drum to rotate at high speed, so that
The heavier U-238 will float towards the barrel wall, while the U-235 will gather in the middle area. At the same time, it will be slightly heated at the bottom, and these gaseous mixtures will automatically separate, and the U-238 will sink downwards.
And U-235 floats upward, thus collecting the required isotopes.
Of course, the principle is simple, but in reality there are many difficulties. For example, the centrifuge must overcome the friction during rotation. Friction can gradually slow down the rotation speed and even damage the entire equipment. According to the design requirements, these machines need to be trouble-free.
Worked for many years.
However, this was not possible for the genius scientist Tesla. He immediately instructed the experimenters to pump out the air in the drum and use a magnetic bearing to install the bottom of the drum on a needle bearing. This was the only one in the entire system.
Physical contact point, then the experimenters spent several months constantly experimenting and modifying, and conducted countless simulation experiments on the computer, and finally developed the gas centrifuge.
After developing this heaven-defying technology, Ding Molan negotiated with Gong Qian and strictly ordered all scientists involved in the research and the technical workers of the manufacturers to maintain strict confidentiality to control the leakage of this core technology. However, now the whole world is cracking down.
It was a complete mess, but no one would have thought that Nanhua would develop nuclear weapons before the United States and Germany. There was no target and therefore no way to bribe or win over.
At present, the component rods of the first 600,000-kilowatt nuclear reactor have been prepared. After the nuclear reactor is officially started, it will drive six 600,000-kilowatt turbine generator units to generate electricity. The electricity produced will then be supplied to the second refinery.
The fuel-grade uranium produced by the enrichment plant will drive the second nuclear reactor, and the electricity generated will start the gas centrifuge of the third refining and enrichment plant... and so on.
According to the design plan, all ten nuclear reactors will be successfully driven by April next year, and most of the electricity provided will be used to drive more centrifuges to refine weapons-grade uranium and plutonium. Through this step-by-step process, the initial energy consumption of the entire nuclear program will be
It was only one ten thousandth of the Manhattan Plan developed by the Americans. Although the energy consumption increased in the later period, it was the enriched uranium in the reactor rather than oil or coal that was consumed.
In the original history, due to the pressure of war, the United States and the Soviet Union were the first to develop atomic bombs using weapons-grade uranium with a concentration of 99%. Therefore, they needed to build tens of thousands of centrifuges or diffusion machines to run for several years. They also used Lawrence electromagnetic method and
The energy consumption of the gas diffusion method is sixty times that of gas centrifugation to separate uranium. Therefore, the Manhattan Project in the United States used one-tenth of the electricity in the United States and the cost was staggering. Its investment was as much as two billion U.S. dollars.
Most of it is consumed in energy supply.
During the construction of the nuclear power plant, the construction work of the output power grid was also carried out rapidly. Now the power grid systems of major cities in southern South China have been connected to the Yaoting Bay Nuclear Power Plant. By then, the excess power will be input to the national grid to supplement
Urban and industrial electricity.
According to the plan, rural electricity use in Nanhua can only be extended to the township level for the time being. Only after the war will the "every village have electric lights and telephones" project be implemented.
At three o'clock in the afternoon on August 25, An Yi took a special plane from Xinjing to Yaoting Bay Nuclear Power Station to attend the launch ceremony held inside the institute the next day.
When the plane arrived at Deira Airport, the sky had already darkened, and An Yi met up with Ding Molan, who had just arrived.
A breakup was better than a wedding. The two had endless love stories to say. They chatted at the airport for more than an hour before they got on the welcoming motorcade and headed to Deira Town Hall.
At the conference center of this science city, An Yi cordially received the scientists, experts, engineers, technical workers, and representatives of the engineering corps involved in the design and construction of the nuclear power plant, and expressed his heartfelt thanks to them for their outstanding contributions. Later, An Yi, Ding Molan, and the representatives
We went to the banquet hall and had dinner together.
When the dinner ended, it was already half past nine at night.
However, An Yi couldn't rest yet. He went to the camp in the south of the city and met with representatives of the security, air defense, radar, and missile units stationed around the base. He visited the electronic command center of the joint command and carefully examined the defense map and the real-life miniature sand table.
, requiring officers and soldiers to be more vigilant, keep their eyes open, and resolutely eliminate all those with evil intentions and invading enemies.
It wasn't until eleven o'clock in the night that An Yi was really free.
That night, An Yi spent the night together at Ding Molan's apartment in Dera Expert Community. Early the next morning, the two went to the nuclear power plant together to preside over the opening ceremony of the first 600,000-kilowatt nuclear reactor at 10 a.m.
The entire opening ceremony was so simple that even the journalists were not alarmed.
Ding Molan introduced the situation of the nuclear power plant to An Yi in detail. An Yi only knew a little about it, but was amazed after listening to it. He was once again relieved to have such a strange woman like Ding Molan beside him to help him.
At ten o'clock, Ding Molan announced that the nuclear power plant was officially put into operation. Then An Yi pressed the button, and a total of fifty-six green lights on the console lit up. With a "ding", the first 600,000-ton nuclear power plant of Yaoting Bay Nuclear Power Plant
The kilowatt nuclear reactor was officially started.
In order to ensure safety, the power of the nuclear reactor will be only 10% of the total installed capacity at the beginning, reaching 50% after half a month, and operating at full capacity after one month.
At this time, I am afraid no one in the world has realized that the King of Terror has been released from Pandora's Box. When a shocking mushroom cloud rises on the horizon one day in the future, all international disputes will be deterred by the nuclear stick.
It has become timid, and this is the opportunity for China's rise.
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***:Thank you brothers for your continued support!
Well, tomorrow is April 1st, the Emperor is still shamelessly begging for a guarantee***!