Chapter 508: Carrying out reform and establishing twelve departments
Chapter 508: Implementing reforms and establishing twelve departments
The city of Chang'an was busy, and the banks of the Qujiang River were abuzz. Fifty thousand foreign slaves arrived, and the papermaking workshop was built faster than a rocket. Ma Jun was in charge of the equipment manufacturing, and Liu Zhang didn't have to worry about it. The papermaking workshop had not yet been built.
Okay, five hundred movable type printing machines have been put into storage!
The two women Huang Yueying and Zhang Ning are also very simple. The ink used in the printing machine has very high requirements. The faster the printing speed, the greater the fluidity and the smaller the viscosity of the ink. But the lower the viscosity and the higher the fluidity, the more the printing will be done.
The words would be very unclear. After research by the two, they finally came up with an ink suitable for printing. Of course, the main researcher was Huang Yueying. Liu Zhang did not dare to let the pregnant Zhang Ning touch those chemicals.
As soon as a deformed child was born, he would cry.
Now that everything was ready, Liu Zhang started the second step of the reform, which was to reform the court. In fact, the Han Dynasty's system of three officials and nine ministers was still very good, but the division of powers was not clear enough. However, this was not a problem with the system itself.
, but the Han system did not form a system.
Let’s talk about law. Chinese law has always made no distinction between punishment and civilians. This is not a legal issue. The yamen in ancient China covered all matters such as public security, government affairs, people’s livelihood, education, etc. in a county. All matters were decided by the yamen.
Whether to distinguish between criminals and civilians is not a big problem. But when it comes to actually handling the matter, it is a bit vague. Therefore, Liu Zhang wanted to separate these ambiguities!
The ministry system has been used in Western countries until modern times. In fact, there was already a ministry system in ancient China. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, there was a cabinet on top of the six ministries, and there was even a ceremonial supervisor, known as the internal minister, who specifically handled affairs for the emperor.
, so the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was the most relaxed. If he could find a few cronies, he would hardly have to work. However, Emperor Wanli ignored the government affairs for 28 years, but there were no major events in the country! Although some people say that the Ming Dynasty
The defeat began in Wanli, but the Ming Dynasty never failed in the hands of Wanli!
Liu Zhang used the ministry system because he wanted to delegate power to the cabinet. If the emperor was really incompetent, he would let the cabinet take over the power and form a parliament. At that time, when a constitutional monarchy is implemented, the emperor will become the spiritual leader, and the person who really holds the power is the prime minister.
Gradually transform the political system. As for the election of the Ming Dynasty, Liu Zhang believed that as long as the parliament and cabinet were formed, they would be able to gradually improve under his deliberate guidance!
In order to improve the system, Liu Zhang abolished the three ministers and nine ministers and established eight ministries to support the operation of the court, namely: the Ministry of Agriculture, Shangshu Xi Zhicai, which manages national agriculture, water conservancy and other affairs; the Ministry of Industry, Shangshu Liu Ye, who is in charge of scientific and technological development.
His subordinates are Zuo Bo and Ma Jun; the Ministry of Commerce is in charge of trade and taxation, Shangshu Mi Zhu, and his subordinates Su Shuang and Zhang Shiping; the Ministry of Punishment is in charge of national justice, Shangshu Tian Feng, and his subordinate Xin Pi; is in charge of the salaries of national officials and court operating expenses, and compiles statistics every year
The Ministry of Household Affairs, which is responsible for expenditure and budgeting, is headed by Shangshu Liu Ba, and his subordinates are Huang Quan and Wang Lei; the Ministry of War is in charge of national anti-theft operations, similar to the Ministry of Public Security, and is headed by Shangshu Li Ru, and is subordinated by Ju Hu; the Ministry of Civil Affairs, which is in charge of official evaluation and promotion, is in charge of Shangshu Jushou;
The Ministry of Rites of Diplomacy and Etiquette is headed by Shangshu Liao Li and subordinate Zhang Song. These eight ministries are managed by Zhuge Liang. Unless it is a major matter that cannot be decided, there is no need to report to Liu Zhang!
In addition, there are four departments that are independent of the eight departments and do not participate in the management of the imperial court. These four departments are: the Ministry of National Defense, which is in charge of national security and is also responsible for military training and ideological education of soldiers. The main leaders are Zhang Ren and Zhao Lei
, other generals are affiliated with this department; the Ministry of Education, which is in charge of national education popularization, is headed by Huang Chengyan; the Intelligence Department, which is in charge of intelligence, is headed by Guo Jia and Jia Xu; and the Staff Department, which has an uncertain number of personnel, is mainly responsible for analyzing intelligence.
To plan campaigns, wars or other important events of the court, each minister is also a member of the staff. These four departments are only responsible to Liu Zhang, and in the future they will only be responsible to the emperor!
The establishment of the Twelve Ministries separated the powers of the DPRK and the Central Government. Everyone felt that the division of labor was clear and it was easier to do things. Only the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of War were more troublesome. Tian Feng and others still needed to send people to establish branches in various places.
But the names of the branches were really unpleasant, so Liu Zhang asked the Criminal Branch to be called the Court, the Commercial Branch to be called the Taxation Bureau, and the Military Branch to be the Police Station. Of course, not many people understand these modern names. However,
After Liu Zhang explained it, they understood it and felt that these names were good!
Reform within the imperial court also required the people to understand that Liu Zhang ordered local officials at all levels to explain the new policy to the people, and told the people that if there were any disputes in the future, they could go to the court for adjudication, and there was no need to worry about having to settle any case. Although the people were half-convinced,
However, with Liu Zhang's guarantee, the people of the six states did not have much opposition. Coupled with the promulgation and implementation of the new law, the people's confidence in the court was increasing day by day.
The Ministry of Justice has made great contributions, and the Ministry of War is not far behind. As the law enforcement department, Shangshu Li Ru asked Juhu to go to various places to establish police stations, mainly responsible for the state and county level, similar to the current provincial public security department and municipal public security bureau. Special personnel are dedicated to this, Xinpi
The ruthless people, under Liu Zhang's instructions, attacked some local ruffians and wiped out some evil forces. The arrested people were sent to join the slaves to contribute to the construction of the Han Dynasty.
Some officials saw the burly figures of these local ruffians and suggested to Liu Zhang that they be sent to the army. But Liu Zhang said that soldiers are the ones who protect the country, and those who violate national laws are not qualified to join the army! Although some scribes disliked what Liu Zhang said,
But they knew Liu Zhang's attitude towards soldiers and did not dare to say anything. However, Liu Zhang knew the character of these people and found some excuses to demote them from the court. A country that does not even respect its soldiers is destined to be destroyed.
Bullied by outsiders, just like the poor Song Dynasty!
The system has been reformed, but it cannot be stabilized in a day or two. At this time, what is most needed is domestic stability. In order to ensure that there are no omissions in the system reform, Liu Zhang ordered the troops to strictly guard the passes and had the Intelligence Department under Cao Cao and Sun Quan.
Investigate vigorously, and any disturbance must be reported to Chang'an.
Three months later, the Twelve Ministries gradually stabilized without causing any disturbances under Liu Zhang's rule, and the people gradually adapted to the new policies. Due to Liu Zhang's publicity to the court, the people went from filing complaints with suspicion and trial, and gradually
The idea of going to the court when there is a problem has been formed! Because of the trust of the people, even trivial matters are brought to the court, which greatly increases the experience of the staff in the court. Of course, the busiest one is the police station, and the people continue to lose everything.
Report the matter to the police. However, Liu Zhang wanted this effect. He placed retired veterans in police stations in various places, so he did not worry about insufficient manpower!
The imperial court had entered a stable state, and the papermaking workshop and printing press were ready. Liu Zhang wanted to start the last major reform, which was the national education and imperial examination system. In order to allow this reform to proceed smoothly, Liu Zhang ordered the papermaking workshop and printing workshop to be
Start printing books on a large scale!
"Mr. Qin, printing books is not a problem, but what kind of books should we print?" Liu Zhang originally wanted Cai Yong to be the director of the Ministry of Education, but Cai Yong said he was too old and recommended Huang Chengyan, but he helped Huang Chengyan as the deputy director.
.Liu Zhang ordered a book to be printed. The two of them really didn’t know what book to print, so they came to see Liu Zhang!
"Print the Analects first!" Liu Zhang asked someone to hold up a book and said with a smile, "I prepared this Analects for you, take a look!"
"This..." After Huang Chengyan and Cai Yong finished reading, they couldn't help but frown and asked: "Mr. Qin, what are the symbols in this?"
Liu Zhang said: "I call them punctuation marks, which are specially used for reading and breaking sentences! In the ancient books, a sentence has multiple interpretations, just because the sentences are different. I want to improve the moral quality of the people, not fool them. Therefore, those who do not
No need for correct sentence segmentation!"
"Xian son-in-law, how do you know that your sentence fragmentation is correct?" Cai Yong seemed a little dissatisfied with Liu Zhang's tampering with the sages' classics!
Liu Zhang smiled and said: "I don't need to know the meaning of the sages, I just want the Han Dynasty to flourish! Father-in-law, Confucius was a figure hundreds of years ago, and hundreds of years later, we are also sages. Do you think what we say today will not matter to hundreds of years ago?"
Years later, is it still correct? We should not pursue the sages, but learn useful things from the sages! Taking the essence and discarding the dross is the correct attitude towards learning and academics! Copying it mechanically can only be a book beetle.
It’s not good for the country or the people!”
Huang Chengyan smiled and said: "What Qin Gong said is true! As the saying goes: it is better to have no books than to believe in books! If the sages were right, the Great Zhou Dynasty would not have perished!"
"Huang Lao Mingjian!" Liu Zhang said with a smile: "But we can't just teach Confucian knowledge, otherwise morality alone will not benefit the people! I have an article here, which I will use as enlightenment reading. Take it and see if it is suitable!
"
"Qin Gong can also write articles? I need to know more!" Huang Chengyan was stunned for a moment. Even Cai Yong was a little surprised, not to mention him. Cai Yong had known Liu Zhang for almost thirty years, but he had never heard that Liu Zhang had written any articles.
!
"The sky and the earth are black and yellow, the universe is vast..." Even though Cai Yong is over sixty, he is very agile. Before Huang Chengyan took the paper from Liu Zhang's hand, he had already grabbed the article and started reading it aloud!
"Wonderful, wonderful!" Cai Yong said with excitement after reading: "As an enlightenment reading, this article is really wonderful..."
"More importantly, this article has more than a thousand words, and there are almost no repetitions. It really makes me impressed!" Huang Chengyan finally got the article. He read it carefully, and the surprise on his face could not go away for a long time!
"You are so rare!" Seeing the surprise on Huang Chengyan's face, Cai Yong glanced at him and said: "Ji Yu is not only my son-in-law, but also my student. What's the point of writing a few wonderful articles? He didn't have any literary reputation before.
, because he has been practicing martial arts, and then the Han Dynasty was in turmoil, and he has been working hard to stabilize the Han Dynasty. Now that the world has stabilized, it is really common for him to write a few wonderful articles!"
"Qin Gong is your student?" Huang Chengyan was stunned for a moment, then suddenly shook his head and said: "I should have thought long ago, if he was not your student, how could you marry your daughter to him! Presumably, he agreed to you, the second
The child’s surname is Cai, right?”
"You still remember!" Cai Yong laughed and said: "Although Ji Yu is the Duke of Qin, he respects me, an old guy. The second child's surname is Cai, and he came up with it himself!"
"Seriously?" The ancients valued heirs the most. Huang Chengyan was shocked when he heard that Liu Zhang actually agreed to give his son Cai Yong's surname.
"Of course it's true! It doesn't matter what your surname is, the most important thing is my son!" Liu Zhang shrugged. In modern times, it is not uncommon for children to have the same surname as their mother. Some families give birth to two children, one with the mother's surname and the other with the mother's surname.
With the father's surname, some people also put their parents' surnames in the same name, forming a name that looks like a compound surname!
"What a pity! What a pity!" Huang Chengyan felt great regret after hearing this. He couldn't help but shake his head and sighed: "Why didn't I get to know Mr. Qin earlier? You know, I also have a daughter..."
"Huang Lao, do you want Kong Ming and me to fight to the death?" Liu Zhang smiled. Although he knew that Huang Yueying was not an ugly girl, he had no idea of bringing her into his house. Not only because of Zhuge Liang, but also because of the people around him.
There are many wives and concubines, and some of them cannot be taken care of!
"Can Kong Ming be able to fight Duke Qin?" Huang Chengyan said with a smile: "Mr. Qin has recently opened my eyes to this old man, not only about the system reform, but also about your literary talent!"
"Huang Lao is too praised!" Liu Zhang asked with a smile: "Can this article be used as an enlightenment textbook?"
"Yes, that's great!" Huang Chengyan said: "I have never seen anything more suitable for enlightenment than this article!"
"That's good, it's not in vain that I worked hard for half a night!" Liu Zhang smiled and shook his head. Although he had read the Thousand-Character Essay before, he really couldn't remember it after such a long time. This Thousand-Character Essay was written by him.
I made it up by myself based on memory. Fortunately, he once studied with Cai Yong, otherwise he really wouldn't be able to make it up!
"Qin Gong, just an article is not enough to be used as a teaching material. Should we also print out "Shang Shu", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and other classics?" Reading a good article is naturally worthy of joy, but education is not an article.
An article can solve the problem, but a large number of other books are needed. In Huang Chengyan's view, the books suitable for education are naturally Confucian classics.
"No!" Liu Zhang said: "Print "Zuo Zhuan", "Lu Shi Chun Qiu", "Han Shu", and "Historical Records"!"
"This..." Cai Yong said: ""The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lu Family" was compiled by Lu Buwei, the prime minister of the Qin State. Print this book as a teaching material, okay?"
"Of course!" Liu Zhang said: "Although Lu Buwei's character is not very good, "Lu's Spring and Autumn" is all-encompassing. First, he enlightens with "The Thousand Character Essay", then uses "The Analects" to clarify morality, reads history to increase wisdom, and finally "Lv's Spring and Autumn"
"Lu Shi Chun Qiu" develops students' potential and allows them to choose various fields to develop and do things for the people. Only in this way can the Han Dynasty be prosperous and strong!"
"Qin Gong's knowledge is indeed extraordinary. I will go down and have these books printed!" Huang Chengyan bowed and was about to leave, but Liu Zhang stopped him again.
"Huang Lao, print more Analects, and I will sell them to Cao Cao, a wealthy family under Sun Quan!" Liu Zhang smiled maliciously. He wanted to recover the cost of building a papermaking workshop and manufacturing printing technology...