In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, three outstanding medical scientists were born in our country, known as the "Three Miracle Doctors of Jian'an" in history. Among them, Dong Feng lived in seclusion in Lushan Mountain and left a well-known story about Xinglin; Zhang Zhongjing wrote "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", which is rigorous in theory and method and is known as "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases".
Later generations were hailed as the "Sage of Medicine"; while Hua Tuo went deep into the people and traveled all over the Central Plains and the Jianghuai Plain. He created many medical miracles in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, and pediatrics, especially innovative medicine.
Mafei powder (clinical anesthetic) is famous for laparotomy. Later generations always praised doctors as "Hua Tuo's reincarnation" and "Yuan Hua's rebirth", which shows its far-reaching influence.
Hua Tuo, named Yuan Hua, was born in an ordinary gentry family in Qiao County, Peiguo County, Yuzhou (now Hao County, Anhui Province) in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. According to historical records, Hua Tuo was born in about 108 AD and died in 208 AD, at the age of a hundred. "Three Kingdoms."
"The Biography of Hua Tuo" states that Hua Tuo "traveled to Xu Tu and was proficient in the classics" and "knows the art of nourishing one's nature. At that time, people thought that he was a hundred years old and had a strong appearance. He also refined prescriptions and medicines, which could not cure diseases but combined with decoction."
Several types of moxibustion can only be used in one or two places, and each place is no more than seven or eight strong, and the disease should be cured. If acupuncture is used, it can only be done in one or two places, and the disease will be cured."
The Hua family was originally a prominent family, and one of its descendants settled in a small Huazhuang with beautiful scenery more than ten miles north of Qiao County. By the time of Hua Tuo, the family had declined, but the family had great expectations for Hua Tuo.
. Judging from his name and characters, the name "Tuo" means load, and "Yuanhua" means education. Hua Tuo studied hard since he was a child, reciting "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Book of Changes", "Book of Songs" and "Book of Songs".
Ancient books such as "Book of Rites" and "Spring and Autumn Annals" gradually gained higher cultural literacy.
When Hua Tuo was growing up, in addition to being influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, his hometown, which is rich in medicinal materials, also had a lot of influence on him. Qiao County produces a variety of medicinal materials, such as "Hao Shao" and "Hao Ju", which have long been famous throughout the world.
.Coupled with the relatively developed water and land transportation, Qiao County has been a distribution center for medicinal materials since ancient times. Today, there are many Chinese medicinal material warehouses on the thoroughfare streets of Hao County. While studying classics and history, Hua Tuo also paid attention to medicine when he was young.
Local elders say that he once studied and cultivated his character and learned medicine in the Nitaidian area.
In feudal society, most scholars were proud to serve as officials. However, Hua Tuo chose a completely different path in life. He devoted his life to medicine and was determined to do so. When he was a teenager, Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty was still alive.
During the reign of the emperor, the relatives and eunuchs alternated in power, the government was not upright, the government was private, the officials were sold, and the officials were bribed. They raped the people's bones and sucked out their marrow, and the people fell into deep suffering. Hua Tuo witnessed the corruption of the officialdom and the suffering of the common people.
He was determined to give up his official career and use medicine to help the world. At that time, some knowledgeable people in the court appreciated Hua Tuo's character and knowledge. Huang Wan, the Taiwei, wanted to recruit him as an official. Hua Tuo declined, and Prime Minister Pei also recommended him.
Hua Tuo was filial and honest, so he politely declined. This fully demonstrated Hua Tuo's firm ambition and noble moral character.
Hua Tuo practiced medicine without a teacher. He mainly studied the medical classics of previous generations and continued to study and make progress in practice. At that time, Chinese medicine had achieved certain achievements, such as "The Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon", "The Eighty-one Difficulties of the Yellow Emperor", "The Yellow Emperor's Eighty-one Difficulties",
Medical classics such as "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" have come out one after another. The principles and guidance of the four diagnostic methods of inspection, smell, inquiry, and incision, acupuncture, medicine and other diagnostic and treatment methods have been basically established and widely used; and ancient doctors, such as Bian Que during the Warring States Period, Bian Que in the Western Han Dynasty
Cang Gong, Fu Weng of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cheng Gao, etc. left behind touching stories of not seeking glory, wealth, and honor, but devoted their lives to medicine to help the world. All of these not only provided the possibility for Hua Tuo to study medicine intensively, but also cultivated his sentiments.
In Hua Tuo's many years of medical practice, he was very good at distinguishing different illnesses and organ diseases, and treating them accordingly. One day, two military officials suffered from fever and headache with the same symptoms, but Hua Tuo's prescription was very different.
Similarly, one used diaphoretic medicine and the other used laxative medicine. Both of them felt strange, but they both recovered after taking the medicine. It turned out that after Warren's examination, he found that one was an external syndrome, which could be solved with diaphoresis; the other was an internal heat syndrome.
It is difficult to cure the disease without diarrhea. There is also a certain Du Youdun who felt that he had recovered from the disease after seeking medical treatment. However, the Huatuo meridian cut the pulse and warned: "Although your disease is cured, your vitality has not recovered. You should rest for a complete recovery and avoid sexual intercourse."
, Otherwise, life will be in danger." At that time, Dun's wife heard that her husband had recovered from the disease, so she came from a hundred miles away to visit. That night, Dun failed to abstain from sexual intercourse carefully, and three days later, he fell ill and died.
Xu was bedridden due to illness, and Hua Tuo went to visit him. Xu said: "Since I asked the doctor to acupuncture my stomach tube yesterday, I have been coughing non-stop, upset and unable to sleep peacefully." After diagnosis and examination, Hua Tuo said: "That's wrong, acupuncture.
It did not reach the stomach tube and hit the liver by mistake. If you eat less and less in the future, you may die in five days." The consequences were as mentioned and he died. A certain county governor suffered from a difficult disease, and hundreds of medicines failed. His son came to invite Hua Tuo to explain his illness. He was suffering.
Seeking treatment. Hua Tuo came to the patient's room. During the interrogation, he spoke rudely and had an arrogant attitude. He asked for a huge reward, but left without treatment. He also left a letter of abuse. The county magistrate had endured it again and again, but he was furious and sent someone
After being chased, there was no trace. In anger, he vomited black blood and recovered immediately. It turned out that this was a kind of psychological therapy used by Hua Tuo, which used emotional activities such as joy, anger, elegance, and thinking to regulate the body and heal the body.
Its disease.
Hua Tuo attached great importance to folk treatment experience, and often absorbed and refined it to treat some common diseases. Jaundice was widely spread at that time. He spent three years repeatedly testing the efficacy of Artemisia wormwood and decided to use Chunsan
The young leaves of Artemisia vulgaris in March were used to treat diseases, and many patients were cured. As a result, a folk song spread: "Artemisia in March and Artemisia in April are passed down to future generations. Remember, the artemisia in March can cure diseases, and the artemisia in May and June can be used as firewood."
Burn". Hua Tuo also used hot compresses with warm soup to treat scorpion stings, made an ointment with moss to treat swelling and pain after wasp stings, used garlic and fermented vinegar to treat insect diseases, used perilla to treat fish-eating crab poisoning, and used Baiqian to treat coughs.
; Use Polygonatum sibiricum to replenish deficiency and fatigue. And so on, which is simple and easy to do and has quick results.
After middle age, Warren "study in Xu" due to the turmoil in the Central Plains. Xuzhou is an important place in the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers. It has counties and six states. It has 62 cities and towns under its jurisdiction, with a population of more than 2 million. Its capital is Pengcheng (today's Xuzhou, Jiangsu).
). According to folklore, he lived in Peiguo (now Pei County, Jiangsu) near Pengcheng. In fact, Hua Tuo’s medical practice spread all over Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Qingzhou, and Yanzhou at that time. According to the place names mentioned in his medical records, it is probably
It is centered on Pengcheng, starting from Ganling (today's Linqing, Shandong) and Yandu (today's Yancheng, Jiangsu) in the east, to Chaoge (today's Qixian, Henan) in the west, to Guangling (today's Yangzhou, Jiangsu) in the south, and to Qiao County (today's Yangzhou, Jiangsu) in the southwest.
Today's Hao County in Anhui Province), which is today's vast area in Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui and other provinces, covering hundreds of square kilometers. While practicing medicine, he also visited Chaoge, Peiguo, and Feng County (today's Feng County in Jiangsu Province) in order to collect medicine.
), Woniushan Mountain in Pengcheng, Lunan Mountain Area and Weishan Lake. Due to his vast travel area and deep penetration among the people, Hua Tuo has become a doctor with many folklore legends in the history of our country.
In this way, after decades of medical practice, Hua Tuo's medical skills have reached the level of proficiency. He has mastered health care, prescriptions, acupuncture, surgery and other treatment methods, and is proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and clinical syndrome.
He is known as a "miraculous doctor" for his accurate diagnosis, simple methods and rapid curative effect. Regarding this, there is a similar comment in "Three Kingdoms" and "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", saying that he is good at maintaining health ("Xiao Xingxing's art,
At that time, people thought that even if he was a hundred years old, he would have a strong appearance."
"Jiedu, give up and heal"), acupuncture is simple ("If the needle is used, it can only be in one or two places. When the needle is inserted, it says, 'It should lead to something, if it comes, talk to the person',' the patient says 'It has arrived',
'When the needle is removed, the disease will also go wrong'"), the surgery is miraculous ("cut the abdomen and back, remove the accumulation", "break the intestines and wash it with drip"). There are sixteen medical records left in "Three Kingdoms" and "Hua Tuo"
There are five articles in "Bie Zhuan" and five articles in other documents, a total of twenty-six articles, which are more among doctors in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. Judging from the scope of treatment, internal medicine diseases include febrile and venereal diseases, visceral diseases, mental illness, obesity, and parasitism.
Parasitic diseases, which belong to external, pediatric and gynecological diseases, include trauma, intestinal carbuncle, tumors, fractures, acupuncture errors, breastfeeding avoidance, stillbirth, infantile diarrhea, etc.
Just when Hua Tuo was enthusiastic about dedicating his superb medical skills to the people, Cao Cao, who emerged from the turmoil in the Central Plains, heard about it and called him. It turned out that Cao Cao had suffered from a kind of head wind in his early years, which became increasingly serious after middle age. Every time he had it, he felt dizzy and confused.
The headache was unbearable. Various doctors tried to treat it, but the effect was very little. After Hua Tuo was summoned to come for examination, he inserted a needle into Cao Cao's thoracic vertebrae at the Keshu point. In a moment, his brain became clear and his eyesight became clear, and the pain stopped immediately. Cao Cao was very happy. But Hua Tuo
But Tuo told the truth: "Your illness is a chronic disease of the brain. It will be difficult to eradicate in the near future. It needs long-term treatment and gradual relief in order to prolong life." After hearing this, Cao Cao thought that Hua Tuo was making a mystery, so he was unhappy, but he didn't
He not only kept Hua Tuo in the palace, but also allowed him to treat diseases for the people. In 208 AD, Cao Cao took control of the government, appointed himself prime minister, and took over military and political power, so he asked Hua Tuo to abandon all other affairs and stay in the palace for a long time, specializing in doing
His doctor. For Hua Tuo, who had a lifelong ambition to heal the world, he was naturally unwilling to isolate himself from Bai Sheng and serve a powerful man. What's more, in his early years, Cao Cao crusaded against Tao Qian of Xuzhou in order to avenge his father.
Tens of thousands of people in Xuzhou were killed, and the corpses were choked so that the Surabaya River could not flow. Then they continued to slaughter and take care of the counties in Xiaqiu. "The righteousness of the chickens was also exhausted, and there were no more people in the ruins." Xuzhou was the place where Hua Tuo practiced medicine in the later period.
Where he lived, he shared weal and woe with the people, and he felt indignant in his heart! So he decided to leave Cao Cao, so he made excuses to return to his hometown temporarily, never to return. Cao Cao sent letters to summon him several times, but Hua Tuo refused because of his wife's illness.
Cao Cao was so angry that he sent a special envoy to escort Hua Tuo to Xuchang and tortured him severely. Facing Cao Cao's power, Hua Tuo was unyielding and unswerving. Cao Cao became angry and wanted to kill Hua Tuo. Although there were counselors
He repeatedly gave advice, explaining that Hua Tuo's superb medical skills were rare in the world. People's lives in the world were at stake, so he hoped to be tolerated. However, Cao Cao insisted on going his own way and ordered his execution in prison. Before Hua Tuo died, he still did not forget to save the world and save the people. He will have written
He took out the good "Qing Sang Sutra" and handed it to the jailer, saying: "This book can be handed down to the world and can save the lives of the people." The jailer was afraid of sin and did not dare to accept the book. Hua Tuo was so sad and angry that he had to throw the medical book into the fire and burn it. Later.
, Cao Cao suffered from several attacks of head wind, and all the doctors tried to stop him, but he still showed no regrets. He also said, "Tuo can cure my disease, but he will not cure me. He wants to threaten me with this. If I don't kill him, the disease will be cured."
Healed." It was not until the winter of that year that Cao Cao's beloved son Cao Chong fell ill and died due to the inability of doctors to treat him. At this time, Cao Cao said regretfully: "I regret killing Hua Tuo, so that his son died of illness."
Hua Tuo had many disciples in his life, among whom Fan A from Pengcheng, Wu Pu from Guangling and Li Dangzhi from Xi'an were all world-famous. In order to pass down his medical experience to future generations, Hua Tuo devoted himself to writing medical books in his later years, including " "Qing Sang Jing", "Pillow Moxibustion Acupuncture Jing" and many other works, but it is a pity that they have not been passed down.
Wu Pu, a disciple of Hua Tuo, wrote "Wu Pu's Materia Medica"; Li Dangzhi wrote "Li Dang's Medical Records"; and Fan Axi acupuncture. These three disciples have all become famous doctors.
Hua Tuo invented the anesthetic "Ma Fei San" in the 2nd century AD, which was a great pioneering work in the history of world medicine. He used "Ma Fei San" for general anesthesia and performed laparotomy. According to "Book of the Later Han Dynasty - Hua Tuo Biography" It is recorded: "If the disease is knotted in the inside and cannot be reached by acupuncture, it is necessary to drink anesthetic powder with wine first. Since you are drunk, you will not be aware of it. Because the abdomen and back are cut open and the accumulation is accumulated. If it is in the intestines and stomach, cut it off and remove it. After washing and removing disease and dirt, you can suture and apply divine ointment. The wounds will heal in four to five days and all will be back to normal in one month." He was the first person in the world to use general anesthesia for surgery, more than 1,600 years before the invention of anesthetics in the West. .
Hua Tuo advocated exercise to treat diseases. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo once said to his disciple Wu Pu: "The human body wants to work, but it should not be used to make the extreme ears. Shaking the grain will eliminate the Qi, the blood vessels will flow, and diseases will not occur. It is like the immortality of the door hinge. It is based on the guidance of the ancient immortals. The bear passes through the owl, guiding and pulling the waist and moving the joints to prevent aging. I have a technique called the Five Animals' Play. The second is tiger, the second is deer, the third is bear, the fourth is ape, and the fifth is bird. They are also used to remove diseases and sharpen the hoofs and feet to serve as guides." He insisted that gymnastics is the foundation of physical strength, and realized that exercise can promote Blood circulation, speeding up metabolism, and curing diseases with the Wu Qin Xi that you created: "When the body is unhappy, it starts to act like an animal, and it is wet and sweaty. Because it is powdered, the body is relaxed and the belly is hungry for food."