About 30,000 years ago, our country invented the bow and arrow, which was the earliest mechanical invention; it shows that humans began to use composite tools. The bow uses the power accumulated by people in the process of pulling the string to shoot the string in an instant.
The arrows are ejected, which shows that human beings already possess the knowledge of mechanical storage of power. As Engels said: "Bows and arrows are as decisive weapons for the savage age as the iron sword is for the barbaric age and firearms are for the civilized age." Bows and arrows
It is the longest-used ancient weapon. Bows and arrows can shoot at long distances. With bows and arrows, primitive people can more easily obtain prey and subdue ferocious beasts. Later, when wars broke out between tribes, bows and arrows became an important weapon.
.The earliest bows had a back made of a single piece of wood or bamboo, and the bowstring was made of animal sinews; the arrows were sharpened wooden sticks or bamboo poles.
Crossbows appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the crossbow machine that controls shooting is a relatively dexterous mechanical device. The firing principle of the crossbow is the same. It can shoot farther than a bow and arrow, has stronger lethality, and overcomes the weakness of being unable to last long due to limited physical strength when pulling the bow. By the Han Dynasty, the processing accuracy and surface finish of crossbow machines had reached a very high level... Song Yingxing (1587~1644(?))'s "Tiangong Kaiwu" recorded the test of bow strings in Volume 15 "Jiabingpian" The method of elastic force: "Whenever you test the strength of a bow, put your foot on the string and hang the scale hook on the bow's waist. When the string is full, push the weight and press it, and you will know how much it is." The method is very clever. This book is lost in my country. 300 years ago, the reprint was recovered from Japan in 1926
The long-range weapons of the Han Dynasty were mainly bows and crossbows, but a large number of arrows were made of iron. From the weapons unearthed from the arsenal site of Han Chang'an City in Xi'an, there were more than 1,000 iron arrowheads, and bronze arrowheads were unearthed at the same time.
The number of arrowheads is only about 1/10 of that of iron arrowheads. A total of 441 arrowheads were unearthed from the tomb of King Jing Liu Sheng in Mancheng, Hebei Province, of which only 70 were bronze arrowheads, and the rest were made of steel.
The ratio of the number of steel arrowheads to bronze arrowheads is 5.3:1. The use of steel to make arrowheads, which consumes a lot of money, also shows that the scale of steel weapon production at that time was considerable. As for bronze arrowheads, they were still used until the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly in
The triangular pyramid-shaped arrowhead was often equipped with an iron collar and was customarily called "sheep's head arrowhead" at that time.
The crossbow was more important than the bow and arrow in the army of the Han Dynasty. Especially in the beacon guard troops on the border, the strong crossbow was the main long-range weapon. The crossbow machine of the Han crossbow was composed of three parts: the crossbow bow, the crossbow arm, and the crossbow machine.
The crossbow machine is made of bronze or iron, including three parts: teeth, oxen, and hanging swords. A bronze receiver, called "Guo", is installed outside the crossbow machine, which can withstand greater tension. At the same time, in order to improve the accuracy of the hit
Scales are added to the sight of some crossbows for aiming. They have the function of sights of modern rifles, which is an important improvement.
According to the operation method, it is divided into: arm-open crossbow, waist-open crossbow, and kick-open crossbow. The arm-open crossbow is a crossbow that relies only on the strength of the human arm to draw the bow and place the arrow; the waist-open crossbow is a crossbow that uses the strength of the arms, feet, and waist to draw the bow at the same time in a sitting position.
When using it, sit flat on the ground and place the crossbow flat in front of you. Put the soles of your left and right feet into your thumbs, then strike with the crossbow, pry up the waist hook, and hook the crossbow string. Pull the waist hook rope with both hands, and push forward with the soles of your feet.
.The splitting body falls backwards, and with all the force, the machine lifts up and catches the vanadium structure; "Kuozhang Crossbow" is also called "Stepping Crossbow". A powerful crossbow that relies on the combination of arm strength and leg strength to stretch the string and launch it.
Its shape is larger than that of a crossbow. The crossbow is about 1.6 meters long and the wooden arm is about 70 centimeters long. The bow stem is thick and is generally made of multiple layers of wood or bamboo chips. The crossbow is stronger than the crossbow alone.
The arm strength cannot fully draw the bow, so it is necessary to rely on the tension of the arm and the pedaling force of the feet to stretch the string. In order to allow the legs and feet to participate in stretching the string, a tough rope is attached to the middle section of the wooden arm. Zhang shows that he puts the rope around
On the feet, you can pull the string with both hands and buckle the machine, standing or sitting. During the Warring States Period, the Kuzhang Crossbow appeared on the battlefield. Its range is more than 830 meters. Within the range, the weapons emitted by the Kuzhang Crossbow can penetrate the enemy.
chest. At that time, Korean soldiers equipped with this kind of crossbow could fight one against a hundred and dominate for a while. From the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the crossbow weapon developed greatly.
Han crossbows have specifications ranging from one stone to ten stones. The formation of these specifications shows that the mechanical manufacturing standards have been initially established in the Han Dynasty. The names of the workers, forgers, grinders, etc. were left on the crossbow machine. The strength of the crossbows in the Han Dynasty was divided according to the stone.
Among them, it takes about 27-30 kilograms of force to draw a full one-stone crossbow. The ten-stone crossbow is the most powerful and is also called the yellow shoulder crossbow or the big yellow power crossbow. Only very strong people can use it.
Once Li Guang was surrounded, Li Guang ordered the soldiers to hold their bows silently, and he shot many of the Xiongnu generals with rhubarb. The Xiongnu soldiers were greatly frightened, and were subdued by Li Guang's bravery and did not dare to act rashly until the second day.
On the same day, the main force of the Han army arrived, and Li Guang's army was able to break out of the siege. In addition, the story of Li Guang shooting the tiger shows Li Guang's bravery and the advantages of the crossbows of the Han Dynasty.
The early records about Zhuge Liannu are mainly concentrated in "Three Kingdoms" and its annotations.
"The Biography of Zhuge Liang" "Lightness is better than ingenuity, and the profit and loss of crossbows, wooden oxen and horses, are all unexpected. Deduced the art of war, made eight formations, and got the key points." Annotated "Wei Shi Chun Qiu" said: Liang made eight tasks,
The Seven Precepts, Six Fears, and Five Fears all have rules and regulations to train the ministers. They also use the crossbows for profit and loss, which are called Yuan Rong. They use iron as arrows, the arrows are eight inches long, and one crossbow can fire ten arrows." All of this is what he meant.
, which refers to Zhuge Liang’s creativity, conception, and design, but is specifically produced by others.
The annotation of "Three Kingdoms - Du Kui's Biography" quotes Fu Xuan's preface: "Mr. Ma, the name of the world is Qiaoye... When Mr. Ma saw Zhuge Liang's crossbow, he said: 'Qiao is clever, but it is not perfect.' If you say it, you can add five.
Times. "... Now if Ma wants to write it, it is the best weapon of the country and the army must use it. It costs ten fathoms of wood and the efforts of two people. It will not last for a long time. It is difficult to test and easy to test. Things that are difficult to test and easy to test are taken lightly.
Talking about suppressing people's extraordinary abilities is like using one's own wisdom to manage the affairs of the world, and not changing one's way to control things that are difficult to defeat. This is why there are many wastes. Ma's work was achieved due to changes, so not all what he said at the beginning is the same.
Yes. They are not all the same, because they are not used, and it is an unworldly cleverness. Husbands who sympathize with each other are jealous of each other, and colleagues who work with each other harm each other. It is unavoidable for middle-aged people to do so. Therefore, a gentleman will not harm others with others, but will use examinations.
It is a Hengshi. The Hengshi was discarded and not used. This beautiful jade was falsely accused of being a stone, and Jinghe hugged the Pu and cried." Then Anxiang Hou realized, and then said to Wu'an Hou, Wu'an Hou ignored it, and the test failed.
.This is an easy thing to try, and Ma's clever name has been determined, but it is still unnoticed. How can a deep and profound talent be unnamed? Later gentlemen will learn from it. Mr. Ma's cleverness is like that of the ancient public.
Zhai, Wang Er, and Zhang Pingzi in the modern Han Dynasty cannot pass. Gongshu Ban and Mo Zhai are both used in their time and are beneficial to the world. Although Pingzi is a servant and Mr. Ma is a provincial official, they are not like officials.
Cleverness is of no use to the world. Using people inappropriately for their talents, hearing talents without trying them out, is a good thing but a hateful one."
Liu Hong, the general of Zhennan in the Western Jin Dynasty, is the first person to "Guan Liang's Former Residence" in Chinese history. There is no doubt that he has seen the "Profit and Loss Crossbow" with his own eyes. Liu Hong had "things to respond" when he "Guan Liang's Former Residence"
Machines and tools are incompetent, understanding people is stagnant, and great virtues are not permanent... My son is so heroic, he only contains the spirit of heaven. How can he be the only one of gods, and how can he be the essence of man? How can one think deeply and be pure in virtue...Praise
The eight formations of Zi are not as good as those of Sun and Wu. The wonders of the wooden ox are extraordinary, and the power of the divine crossbow is so subtle." ("The Biography of Zhuge Liang" annotated "Shu").
The Song Dynasty's "Yuhai" Volume 150 "Tang Jingsai Crossbow" says: Zhang Yun's "Xiantong Jiewei Lu": There is a flag-bearer in the southern barbarians, Fu Cheng, who issued a Jingsai crossbow and passed it through. There are especially many names for crossbows in Western Shu, and none are bigger.
A crossbow with ten arrows is called a flock of crows, one arrow is called a flying gun, and the general call is the mountain-breaking crossbow, which is also called Yuanrong by Kong Ming. This information tells that in the Tang Dynasty, a kind of crossbow was still used among the southwestern ethnic groups, and the local people called it a crossbow.
His mountain-breaking crossbow is said to be the Zhuge Liannu of that time. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were many similar legends involving Zhuge Liang among the southwestern ethnic groups, and their credibility was low.
From the above documents, we can initially get the following six points of inspiration: 1. Zhuge Liang once created a repeating crossbow, which was very advanced at the time. This repeating crossbow has two basic data, one is that it can fire ten arrows in a row, and the other is that the arrow length is only
Eight inches. 2. Chen Shou gave Zhuge Liannu a character, that is, "profit and loss." This article will further discuss this issue later. 3. Ma Jun is a famous scientist (who has improved the silk weaving machine and Baixi puppet made by his predecessors)
, once again invented the lost compass wheel and invented the water wheel). When he saw Zhuge Liannu, he first praised its "ingenuity", which showed that it was very different from the previous Liannu. Secondly, he thought it was OK.
It evolved into a continuous firing of fifty arrows. He hoped that the imperial court would establish a project and let him test and promote it, but the result was not taken seriously. This provided a very important clue for future generations to develop the Zhuge Liannu. 4. Fu Xuan (217-278)
A famous thinker at the end of the Wei Dynasty and the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, he served as a regular servant and was awarded the title of Viscount. He believed that "the author Ma wanted to write is the best weapon of the country and must be used by the army. It takes ten fathoms of wood and the efforts of two people."
, It is not fixed over time." From the side, we can see the high evaluation of Zhuge Liannu. 5 Fu Xuan also believed: "Although Mr. Ma made troubles easy, he was not an example of an official, and cleverness is not beneficial to the world. He uses people improperly.
He is very talented, and if he doesn't try his best to do something, he will be good but hateful." I feel very regretful and even very angry that the imperial court failed to approve Ma Jun's project to re-develop Zhuge Liannu. This may be because Zhuge Liannu was lost soon after Zhuge Liang's death.
The main reason. 6. As a general, Liu Hong is very familiar with weapons. The firing function of the crossbow machine has changed from two arrows, to three arrows, to ten arrows. It is just a quantitative change, not a qualitative leap. From the Warring States Period
By the Jin Dynasty, two- or three-arrow repeating crossbows had been widely used for hundreds of years, and it was commonplace for Liu Hong. But when Liu Hong saw Zhuge's repeating crossbow, he had a refreshing feeling and called it a "divine crossbow." This shows that Zhuge's repeating crossbow was
The crossbow is a new type of crossbow that is different from the past