The Hundred Schools of Zhuzi is a general term for various pre-Qin academic schools during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The most widely circulated among the Hundred Schools of Zhuzi are Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang School, Legalism, Famous Schools, Mohists, Miscellaneous Schools, Farmers, Novelists, Zongheng
Home.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, when the royal family declined and princes competed for hegemony, scholars traveled around the country to advise the princes. By the Warring States Period, a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contending" was formed.
The traditional division of the Hundred Schools originated from Sima Qian's father Sima Tan. In "On the Essentials of the Six Schools", he divided the Hundred Schools into six schools for the first time: "Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Ming, Dharma, and Taoism".
. Later, Liu Xin added "Zongheng, Za, Nong, and Novel" to the ten schools on the basis of Sima Tan's classification in "Qilue". Ban Gu followed Liu Xin in "Hanshu. Yiwenzhi" and added
It is believed that: "There are ten schools of thought, only nine of them are worth mentioning." Later, people went to "novelists" and called the remaining nine schools "nine streams".
Since then, the ancient Chinese academic circles have all followed Ban Gu, and hundreds of schools have become the "nine streams". Today's Lu Simian added "military and medicine" in his book "Introduction to Pre-Qin Academics" and believed: "So on Pre-Qin Academics"
, can actually be divided into twelve schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Ming, Dharma, Taoism, Zongheng, Za, Nong, Novel, Military, and Medicine."
From the beginning of the Han Dynasty to the end of feudalism in the Qing Dynasty, there were always imperial courts, but only Confucianism, Legalism, and Taoism, which integrated the Yin and Yang School into the theory of gods and ghosts. The three schools have continued to influence the direction of the imperial court for two thousand years. Among them,
Naturally, Confucianism has the greatest influence, and no one can shake it, followed by Legalism. Taoism, when the emperor occasionally became a believer, would use the position of national master to interfere in the affairs of the state.
With the changes of the times, the original thoughts and original intentions of Confucius, Han Feizi, Laozi, etc. in the pre-Qin Dynasty have been modified beyond recognition by later generations.
This is also a helpless thing. People have their own thoughts and it is impossible to completely inherit the thoughts of their ancestors. Even now, Zhu Kui also explained his understanding of Confucianism in front of Zhang Hong and Lu Xian.
, the interpretation of Dharma and Tao is completely different from others.
"Confucianism advocates the humanism of "people can promote Tao, but not Tao and others." It requires people to live a moral life in an ethical society, abide by the teachings of ancient sages, restrain their desires, guide their lives, and make themselves a member of society.
A good person with good moral character and firm rationality. Confucian philosophy of life emphasizes self-cultivation in the aspect of self, moralization in the aspect of politics, and abiding by etiquette and law in the aspect of human ethics. It is expected that people can manage their families in their lifetime, and can govern the country and bring peace to the world.
"Legalism advocates the rule-ism of "the Tao of selfishness leads to chaos, and the Tao of law governs". The way of nature and humanity have their own rules, saying that human nature is inherently self-interested. This is the same as Xunzi's mention of the inherent greed of nature, and believes that history is constantly developing.
Progressive, regarding politics, advocates reform and the implementation of the rule of law, emphasizing that once the "law" is formulated, it must be strictly implemented, and no one can be an exception.
"
"Huang-Lao's School takes the "Tao" of "originating from heaven and earth" as the origin of the world and the objective law that determines the rise and fall of all things. It requires people to follow it and is widely used in society, politics, and all aspects of life. It advocates "governing by doing nothing."
, treating the reasonable behavior of "acting according to reason" as "inaction", thus developing it into a governance that actively "joins the world", requiring rulers to abstain, benefit the people, and practice benevolence and righteousness. In politics, the "rule of law" and
The combination of "Government by virtue" means that the king "does nothing" and the ministers "do something". It is a ruling technique for the monarch to control his ministers. Therefore, this "inaction" can also be called "doing everything".
It can be seen that the three schools are consistent in their ultimate goal. They hope that the people will be virtuous and law-abiding, the monarch will rule without interference, and the world will be prosperous. The three schools of thought only have different means and methods to achieve the goal.
So, given the current situation of the imperial court, how should the three be integrated? Where can the integration be conducive to the revitalization of the country? For a imperial court, the needs of the imperial court and the need for the great prosperity of the world are the places where the two should be integrated...
What did the Han court need most?
The absolute majesty of the law enforces orders and prohibitions.
The supremacy of monarchy based on effective checks and balances between imperial power and prime ministerial power.
Absolute loyalty to the emperor and the court.
The people live and work in peace and contentment.
Therefore, this theory of statecraft is divided into three parts.
First, emphasize moral education and make everyone in the world virtuous and polite, unlike barbarians. This is what the Confucian school wants to do;
Second, after the monarchs and scholar-bureaucrats formulated the "law", everything should be "absolutely based on the law" instead of "using private interests to abolish public affairs" or "using myself to interpret the law".
The idea of "impartiality and selflessness" in which private interests overthrow the public laws of the world.
Third, the so-called "inaction" in Taoism is not absolute "inaction", but rather the inaction of the monarch (your majesty bows his head) and the action of the ministers (obeying their duties and obeying without failing) under the premise that "the decree is clear".
"The people value virtue, officials abide by the law, and the monarch does nothing to connect the two sides of law and Confucianism, and the world will be governed. However, the current Confucian classics cling to the governing concept of "ruling the country with virtue, with virtue as the mainstay and punishment as the supplement" and cannot do this at all."
"The storyteller's strategy for governing the country is like an enlightenment, which makes people suddenly enlightened..." Zhang Hong marveled, "I didn't expect that Xiao Langjun's strategy of integrating Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism turned out to be such a method. No matter what the outcome of this strategy is,
Is it feasible? Lang Jun can say these words at a young age, which is better than Gan Luo in ancient times."
Regardless of whether the strategies for governing the country mentioned by Zhu Kui are feasible or not. But Zhang Hong seems to be so young and has such opinions. He just continued to despise others, which is too inappropriate. Then he stood up and said:
, Jishou apologized and said: "Hong just said something careless, please don't take offense, Xiaolangjun. Xiaolangjun speaks in a straight line. I don't know where I can learn from him?"
Master? Zhu Kui thought of Zhang Hong and Lu Xian in front of him. They were all nobles and members of the party. It shouldn't be a big deal to say that he was a disciple. He said: "Kui was educated by his uncle Wang Fanggong from the same village when he was young. Later, he was defeated in Jiangxia.
The youngest disciple of Mr. Zhang Jian of Bajun."
Zhang Hong had heard the names of Wang Fang and Zhang Jian. Zhang Jian, the Eight Horsemen of Jiangxia, was even more famous. However, he was forced to flee to China by the party. Could he be living in seclusion in Jiangdong? He then asked:
"It turns out that he is a disciple of Mr. Fu Jie (Zhang Jian). No wonder he is different from others. With such knowledge, I don't know that Mr. Fu is now living in seclusion in Jiangdong."
Zhu Kui shook his head. He was not prepared to say that Zhang Jian ran back to Jiangxia to live in seclusion. He excused himself: "A few years ago, Mr. Zhang Jian only passed through Moling County to teach his disciples for a period of time and then left. As for where he lives now, Kui
I don’t know either.”
After hearing this, Zhang Hong sighed regretfully, unable to tell whether he believed it or not. Zhang Jian would not ignore such an outstanding disciple of Zhu Kui and not tell him his whereabouts. Changing places, if Zhu Kui were him
Zhang Hong's disciples will definitely leave their contact information in order to pave the way for this outstanding disciple in the future.
In the Han Dynasty, the achievements of disciples represented the achievements of their teachers.
After the banquet was over, Zhu Kui left a message: Mr. Lu, if you and the Lu family come up with the result of your discussion, please come to Danyang County and look for me at the Piaoxiang Building in Wanling County. I look forward to good news."
After saying that, Ma Jun and him said goodbye and left.
But today's conversation, after Zhang Hong left, was heard by friends everywhere, and the name Zhu Kui of Moling spread throughout Jiangdong. Unlike "storyteller", which was a nickname, this time he was famous for his talent and learning.
"Brother Zhang, what do you think of this matter?" Lu Xian asked. What he was asking for was the information about the address of Baihu Village that Ma Jun had just revealed.
"What do you think? I'm just a commoner. If it wasn't for my mother's request, I wouldn't have taken over the family affairs this time."
It turns out that Zhang Hong is a concubine of aristocratic family. Judging from the looks of it, he must have been criticized a lot by the Zhang family in his early years, which is why he has such resentment. Now that people have gained fame and become famous people, they turn around to curry favor and talk about returning to their ancestors. Naturally, Zhang Hong was disgusted...
"Brother Zhang, what you said is wrong. Now that you are famous all over the world, why bother worrying about the trivial matters of the past? Like your disciple Bu Na, the family refused to accept the filial piety and integrity. You must know that this generation of Zhang Your direct brothers are all playboys, if you two don't help, will you see the decline of the Zhang family in the future?"
"Both direct descendants and concubines are the sons of the Zhang family, and the family must come first in everything."
The two had known each other for many years, and Lu Xian kindly persuaded him that given the Zhang family's status in Jiangdong, it would be a simple matter to try to recommend Xiaolian to a disciple. However, Zhang Hong repeatedly declined, because in the end it was because he was famous enough in Jiangdong. When he got older, the state government assigned a talented person to him.
"We and the four major families share Jiangdong and have always been united. Yan Baihu has never taken us seriously. He is a thorn in his side. If he didn't have so many men, he would circle around his nest and fight with them. Otherwise, the gains would outweigh the losses. Otherwise All the families had already united their private soldiers to go to Mount Gusu and level him."
"I also understand that if I agree to Gaojiazhai's recommendation in front of the governor this time, I will feel like I am being treated as a gunman, but after all, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Not only can Baihuzhai be wiped out, but the trade routes of my four families in Jiangdong will be much smoother. "
"As for the numerous hidden treasures, I would be surprised if I don't feel jealous."
Lu Xian is worthy of being the helmsman of the Lu family. Even Lu Kang, who is the prefect of Lujiang, is lower than him in the family. This is because Lu Xian puts family first in everything.
"Didn't I already have a plan in my mind, my dear brother? Besides, you should go back to Yuzhang County to discuss these matters with the head of the Zhang family. But for the sake of our friendship, I'll just share my opinion."
Zhang Hong has heard what Lu Xian said countless times from his mother. Destiny is determined by birth. This is an unchangeable fact. Although he has no choice but to do so, he has given the Zhang family several suggestions as a last resort.
"Don't you see, Zhu Kui has already been confident. He just said that Baihu Village was defeated by Gaojia Water Village and the whole army was destroyed. Yan Baihu was seriously injured and left. With the bad reputation of Baihu Village in Jiangdong, how could Yan Baihu give up so easily? .”
"We must gather people again and go out for revenge. What does this mean? Tell us clearly that Yan Baihu will definitely be lured out by him. By then, the lair will be empty. Coupled with the map presented by the Gaojia Water Village, Zhu Kui has already clearly understood Tell us that the destruction of Baihu Village is an ironclad fact. Unless we, the four Jiangdong surnames, have no intention of doing this, then Zhu Kui, even though he has wisdom and plans, has no strength to fight against it?"
"And you, Mr. Lu Xian, have obviously been persuaded. This is what he expected. It's pitiful that Yan Baihu, who has been roaming the east of the Yangtze River for ten years, was bound by a young man." Zhang Hong seemed to see Yan Baihu. At the end, sympathy overflowed on his face.
"That theory of governing the country is obviously the result of long-term deliberation day and night. In addition, his novels contain countless strategies and tactics. I never expected that a child from a poor family could have such knowledge and talent. This makes me and other children from aristocratic families ashamed."
When Lu Xian heard Zhang Hong's explanation, he suddenly realized that he was not as smart as Zhang Hong. The hidden information in Zhu Kui and Ma Jun's words could be clearly understood in an instant. If he was given It can be understood after taking two or three days to think about it, but it only takes two or three days to illustrate the difference.
Lu Xian glanced at Zhang Hong and thought: "It would be safe to go to Yuzhang to inform the head of the Zhang family and the private soldiers of the two families to force Zhang Hong to plan together."
In general, most of the recruitment recommended by Zhu Kui has been completed, and in theory it is almost passed.