The First World War, or more accurately the European War is better. No matter what it is called, the war is over anyway, and what is left is to fully distribute the world order!
As early as the end of World War I, U.S. President Wilson announced the Fourteen Points for the Protection of Human Rights in the U.S. Congress.
The Beijing government selected Lu Zhengxiang, Gu Weijun, Shi Zhaoji, Wei Chenzhu, and Wang Zhengting as representatives of China to form a delegation to participate in the Paris Peace Conference.
The president of the Paris Peace Conference was Clementine, the head of the French delegation. The vice-chairmen were Lansing, the head of the American delegation, Lloyd George, the head of the British delegation, Orlando, the head of the Italian delegation, and the [Japanese] delegation. The Marquis of Nagasaionji was in charge.
The Paris Peace Conference officially opened at the Palace of Versailles on January 18, 1988. On the 27th, the five-power supreme meeting of France, the United States, Britain, Italy, and Japan was held to discuss the disposal of Germany's colonies and the occupied territories in East Turkey.
Of course, Germany's colonies include Qingdao in China. U.S. President Wilson proposed that all German colonies and the occupied territories of East Turkey be put under international joint management, but France, Britain, Italy, and Japan opposed it. After a week of compromise discussions, In the end, it was decided to use the mandate system, in which the League of Nations would appoint appropriate countries to rule on behalf of each colony based on their cultural level and length of rule, and based on the needs of each colony. This was equivalent to the carving up of the German colonies by the five powers.
There is only one Qingdao left to discuss, because Qingdao is a territory leased by Germany to China. Strictly speaking, it is not a real territory of Germany. Therefore, when the top five powers meeting discussed the Qingdao issue on the 27th, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed the representatives of China The delegation attended, and the Chinese delegation was attended by Gu Weijun and Wang Zhengting. At that time, the Japanese representative submitted a request from the Japanese government. The content was roughly: The Japanese government believed that the land leased in Jiaozhou Bay and the railway would be merged with Germans. All other rights in Shandong shall be transferred by Germany unconditionally to Japan...
Unfortunately, the [Chinese] representative did not prepare a statement on the Qingdao issue, because when [Japan] made a request to invade and occupy Qingdao, the [Chinese] representative felt embarrassed. Gu Weijun stood up and issued a statement saying: "The Qingdao issue is of great significance to The relationship between China and China is extremely important. I hope that this meeting will give the delegation of China a time to put forward specific opinions for discussion. The meeting agreed that representatives will put forward detailed opinions the next day and then submit them for discussion." The delegation of China replied. After arriving at the regiment headquarters, I spent the whole night drafting a detailed statement on the Qingdao issue, which was that China demanded that the Jiaoji leased land, the Jiaoji railway and other German rights in Shandong Province be returned directly to China. 〗Country’s proposal.
The statement submitted by the Chinese delegation to the Supreme Conference of the Paris Peace Conference is divided into four items: A, B, C and D. Item A describes the origin and scope of German leasehold rights and other rights in Shandong Province, and item B describes the Japanese military occupation of Shandong Province. Item C explains the reason why Jiao Ao is required to be returned to China. Item D explains why Jiao Ao should be returned directly to China.
Gu Weijun said at the peace conference: "You have worked so hard on the Taiyuan Island issue, which only concerns millions of people. As for the Qingdao issue, which affects 400 million people, this plenipotentiary's responsibility is also extremely heavy [Japanese] This is [China] expelled the German forces from Shandong. Britain ignored the crisis of the European War and tried its best to assist and other United Nations that were in confrontation with Germany. Germany was unable to send troops to the east to aid. It was the duty of [China] to wholeheartedly express its gratitude. However, the cession The natural rights of the [China] people are rewarded, leaving the seeds of future disputes, and they have no choice but to fight for this. This is not only a sincere respect for the [China] country’s political independence and territorial integrity. Fundamental rights, and believe that [China] has sincerity for peace." Makino immediately said: "The reasons for Japan's proposal were detailed yesterday. After Japan occupied Jiaozhou Bay, it has escaped to this day. In fact, it has However, China and Japan have already exchanged an agreement on the return of Jiaozhou Bay, and have also reached an agreement regarding the railway. These official documents are of great value to the four countries." Wilson mediated: "〖日〗Does this representative have the intention to present the aforementioned official document at the meeting?” Makino had no time to think: “〖日〗This government will never object to this matter, but only needs to be informed.” Gu Weijun immediately responded: “〖 The Chinese government is very willing to propose." Then Gu Weijun said: "The Chinese government has different views on the Jiaoji Railway matter from Baron Makino. I have full authority to state that the Chinese government did not say that the Japanese government was subordinate to the Japanese government at that time. After Germany obtained the leased land and other rights in Shandong, it refused to return it to [China]. Japan had made a clear statement to [China] and the world that it would not take it as its own. China [China] has no doubts about it. ..
Moreover, the declaration of war between China and Germany has clearly stated that all treaties between China and Germany have been eliminated due to the declaration of war. If the treaties are eliminated, then China is the master of the territory, and Germany enjoys the leased land of Jiaozhou in Shandong.
And other rights have long been legally vested in China. Assuming that the lease agreement is not annulled because China declares war on Germany, since the agreement contains express provisions prohibiting transfer to other countries, Germany has no
Transfer power to other countries!" At the Paris Peace Conference, [Japan] did not expect [China] to be so tough on the Qingdao issue. [Japan] deliberately planned to annex Qingdao, but unexpectedly encountered great resistance, so it was very upset.
.And the [Chinese] representatives did not shrink at all from [Japan]’s tyrannical attitude.
[Chinese] representative Wang Zhengting threatened reporters outside the peace conference: "As for the Sino-Japanese secret agreement in September 1918, the [Chinese] representative can make it public at any time." The Sino-Japanese secret agreement that Wang Zhengting was referring to was in September 1918
On March 24th, Zhang Zongxiang, the Chinese Minister to Japan, replied to the note from Japanese Foreign Minister Goto Shinpei. The Japanese government's note was that the Japanese government believed that Shandong's rights should belong to Japan. This so-called
The rights also go beyond the 21st, which stipulates that the Jiaoji Railway should be jointly run by China and Japan, and that the police along the route must employ Japanese people, and that Japanese soldiers live in Jinan and Qingdao. This requirement requires the Chinese government.
"Happily agreed" The Chinese government "readily agreed" by Zhang Zongxiang in accordance with the Japanese note.
Therefore, Makino, the Japanese representative attending the peace conference, asked the Supreme Council to pay attention to this exchange of letters at the peace conference.
Outsiders did not know the content of this exchange of letters, so reporters naturally inquired about the content, and representative Wang Zhengting responded to the reporter in this way.
Wang Zhengting's remarks offended the [Japanese] government. On February 2, [Japanese] Minister Obata Sui represented the [Japanese] government to the [Chinese] Acting Foreign Minister Chen Zhuan to express the [Japanese] government's protest in Beijing.
Under pressure from all sides, the government published the contents of this conversation, but the published contents concealed the truth and denied that Japan had ever made intimidation.
The government and opposition parties across the country were unanimously indignant at Japan's arrogance, and the United States, Britain, and France also condemned the Beijing government's cowardice and incompetence in its diplomacy with Japan.
After Obata protested, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing sent a telegram instructing representatives of China not to publish the Sino-Japanese secret treaty. Later, after receiving pressure from domestic and foreign countries, it issued a new telegram instructing representatives of China whether to publish the secret treaty?
When will it be published? It can be decided based on the objective situation.
On February 12, 1919, representatives of China announced the Sino-Japanese secret treaty at the Paris Peace Conference.
The Paris Peace Conference reached a low ebb. Because U.S. President Wilson returned to the United States and France's Tiger Prime Minister Clementine was assassinated, the Supreme Conference was temporarily suspended.
However, the representatives of China still made various efforts. On February 15, they proposed the abolition of the Sino-Japanese secret treaty in the fourth year of the Republic of China and on the Shandong issue. In early March, they continued to put forward the proposal on the peace treaty with Germany. In mid-April,
It also proposed the abolition of the privileges of various countries in China, including giving up the sphere of influence of various countries in China, withdrawing foreign military and police, abolishing foreign postal and telecommunications agencies, revoking consular jurisdiction, returning concessions and leased areas, amending tariff agreements, etc.
The sudden departure of the two giants caused [China] to lose its support. All countries were busy drafting a peace treaty with Germany, and no one had time to take care of [China]. Therefore, the efforts of [China] representatives were fruitless.
Although the [Chinese] representative fought hard, he failed sadly under the topic of "the sanctity of the treaty" and withdrew from the venue.
In the 8th year of the Republic of China, U.S. President Wilson returned to the country after attending the Paris Peace Conference. He came full of ideals, but returned with infinite disappointment. At that time, there was also an outcry against the Paris Peace Conference in the United States. Sure enough, the U.S. Congress later rejected it.
Approving the Peace of Paris and refusing to join the League of Nations, the United States withdrew from international affairs.
In this meeting, China won and lost.
Since it was a victorious country, some provisions in favor of China were stipulated in all subsequent "Versailles Peace Treaty", such as the abolition of Germany's consular jurisdiction in China, the cancellation of China's painful compensation to Germany, and the return of compensation to countries outside Shandong.
Concession areas, etc.: The peace treaty with Austria also allowed China to join the League of Nations and be elected to the Executive Yuan of the League of Nations.
But the failure lies in the fact that [China] demanded the return of the sovereignty of the Shandong Peninsula occupied by Germany, but Britain, France, and Italy advocated transferring Germany's interests to [Japan]. The United States proposed to temporarily hand over well pipes to Britain, France, Italy, the United States, and Japan.
Rejected by Japan.
The Chinese delegation put forward two proposals to the peace conference: abolition of imperialist privileges in China: cancellation of the "Twenty-one Articles" that Japan forced China to recognize, and recovery of Shandong's rights and interests: but the proposal was rejected.
In April of the 8th year of the Republic of China, Zhang Zongxiang, the Minister of Sichuan and Japan to Japan, took leave to return to China, and accompanied the Chen family. They boarded the train at Chuo Shimbashi Station in Tokyo, and 1gc of students studying in Japan went to see them off holding "traitor" flags.
Surrounding Minister Zhang, the students were filled with anger and asked Mr. Zhang how many treasonous secret agreements he had made?
How many loans have been handled? The situation is serious!
Soon after hearing the news, the Japanese police arrived and escorted Zhang Zongxiang and his wife into the car. Someone in the crowd shouted: "Mr. Zhang, Zhang Zongxiang, since you have betrayed your country, why don't you sell your wife first!"
Because students studying in Japan were in Japan, they experienced Japan's bullying of China, so anti-Japanese sentiment was particularly high. After the news of China's failure at the Paris Peace Conference, students studying in Japan were the first to
In order to make trouble, they issued a message denouncing the traitors.
And all this, for a president in the south, the time is ripe for the Northern Expedition to unify by force.
What he has been waiting for is such a political opportunity.