The failure of the "Brest-Litovsk Battle" completely broke out the internal conflicts in Russia under the Soviet regime!
On July 21, 1920, workers at the Truboch Factory in Petrograd held a meeting and proposed a resolution calling for the transition of the Soviet Russian government to "people's power", demanding the abolition of the Bolshevik one-party dictatorship, and the establishment of "self-government"
Elected Soviet power.
The Soviet government responded by immediately closing the factory and re-registering workers.
On the morning of July 24, the Soviet government mobilized a group of student soldiers to guard the factory gate and prevent workers from entering.
The so-called cadet soldiers refer to students from military academies. The Soviet Russian government is considered the most reliable military and political reserve force because they are in a relatively closed environment and have received strict training.
This is like the evil dog secretly trained by Napoleon's pig in George Orwell's "Animal Farm". It is simple-minded but absolutely obedient, young, combative and ferocious, and is suitable to be a thug for the regime.
Workers were angry at the government's tough decision, and 300 factory workers joined with workers from other factories, a total of 2,500 people, to rally in Vasilyevsky District to protest.
So the government sent obedient cadet soldiers to disperse the workers, defined the rebellion as an act of rebellion, and ordered the entire city of Petrograd to be under martial law.
On July 25, the Military Commission of the Petrograd Military District issued an announcement declaring martial law and requiring each district to establish a "revolutionary" three-person group chaired by the leader of the corresponding party committee. This group is effective for all residents of the district, and the military strength of the district is also
The three-member military team obeyed orders. However, even when martial law was promulgated that day, the workers still held a demonstration, demanding: "freedom" of speech, publication, and assembly, and demanding the release of workers who were recently arrested for political reasons.
, the Red Army and the sailors, demanding immediate re-election on the basis of a secret ballot, the Soviets clashed with wounded and cadet soldiers on parade at the entrance.
On July 28, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party held a meeting. When discussing the current situation, they believed that the first task was to suppress political opposition.
On the same day, the All-Russian Suppression of Counterrevolutionary Committee issued an order to remove anarchists, Socialist Revolutionary Parties and Mensheviks from local self-government agencies, food agencies, and rationing agencies, and banned all their activities of calling for strikes, speeches, and demonstrations.
The Cheka began frantically arresting political opponents. More than 100 Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries were arrested, and about 200 workers and intellectuals were arrested. Among them, Menshevik leader Tang En was also arrested.
Although this workers' strike demonstration movement in Petrograd was suppressed, the mood seriously affected the Kronstadt sailors who made great contributions to the Bolsheviks' rise to power during the October Revolution.
, they did not expect that the regime that they enthusiastically supported in the past and claimed to be for the workers, peasants and soldiers was inferior to the Tsarist Russian government and the Provisional Government, and was better at suppressing the workers' movement and political opposition. In fact, as early as 1920
In June of that year, the Boreal Fleet, including the Kronstadt ships, was already in a state of unrest. The civil war ended, and the sailors could not be demobilized. They were exhausted and still did not receive the food they deserved.
Supply and military discipline are becoming more and more strict, and they are not given the opportunity to take vacations and disembark. Instead, officers have more and more privileges to engage in corruption. In this case, many sailors with peasant backgrounds receive bad things from their relatives in their hometowns.
According to the news, the surplus grain collection system is frantically depriving their relatives of the grain they have worked so hard to grow.
The intelligence obtained by the [Chinese] people showed this situation: "About 40% of the people in the Russian Communist Party organization of the Russian Communist Party requested to quit the party. Some people used religious beliefs to explain their reasons for quitting the party, and some people cited the lack of food.
It means that some people feel full and tired because they have lost confidence in the bright future, and some have already torn up their party membership cards."
In July 1920, news of the Petrograd strike sent sparks to the fleet, which was already full of gunpowder. The already restless sailors began to stir up trouble.
The sailors "Sevastopol" and "Petropavlovsk" were transferred from Petrograd to Kronstadt on July 25... The battleships were transferred away from the comfortable Petrograd.
Coupled with the lack of uniforms and shoes, as well as the delay in the July 1st holiday demobilization deadline, a meeting was held on the deck of the battleship Sevastopol on the evening of July 25th, and four demands were made: First, July
A fleet meeting was held at noon on the 26th: secondly, the workers who were speaking in Petrograd were not allowed to be arrested; thirdly, the demands of the speaking workers must be clarified; fourthly, which naval unit shot at the speaking workers must be clarified.
Zosimov dealt with the problem very well and controlled the mood of the fleet!
At this moment, Novikov, the political commissar of the Kronstadt Fortress, ran over like a fool and said a bunch of false and empty words. The result was counterproductive. The sailors lost control of their emotions again, shouting the slogan "They
Wants to bribe us and hide from us what is happening in Petrograd..."!
Zosimov decided that the sailors themselves would send representatives to Petrograd to find out the situation. Two battleships sent delegations of five and seven people respectively!
On the morning of the 26th, the delegation went deep into the striking factory to learn about the situation. The workers' political opinions surprised the sailors, but their emotions still infected them.
On July 27, the delegation returned to truly express the demands of the workers and the situation in Petrograd. In this way, the two warships proposed a resolution for discussion by all warships of the Polish Navy and representatives of the military district. A total of
Thirteen propositions: "First, since the existing Soviets do not reflect the will of the workers and peasants, the Soviets should be re-elected immediately by secret ballot, and workers' and peasants' freedom of propaganda should be implemented before the re-election; second, demands
The freedom of speech and publication of workers, peasants, anarchists and socialist parties. Judging from these thirteen contents, there is nothing unreasonable, and almost all anti-authoritarian demands are for
The demands for freedom all had similarities, and these thirteen demands were considered by the Soviet regime under the leadership of the Bolsheviks to be the beginning of the "Kronstadt Rebellion."
On August 1, the First and Second Battleship Detachments passed this resolution with an absolute majority of two abstentions, and added two points: "14. Designate mobile groups for supervision: 15. Allow yourself to work freely."
〗Produced by handicraft industry.”
These fifteen-point demands roughly repeated the demands of the Petrograd workers, and also expressed the peasants' strong desire to abolish the policy of "war communism." The land and freedom they wanted to obtain were precisely
The slogan "Land, Peace, Bread" that the Bolsheviks had promised them before they came to power seemed to have been abandoned before the words even finished!
On August 1, a plenary meeting of the Kronshtadt garrison was held in Jacol Square. After hearing the news, 16,000 local residents came. The leaders of the Kronshtadt naval base also
They wanted to persuade the sailors to give up the above-mentioned political ideas at the conference. However, their speech was interrupted by the cry "Enough, we have listened to these boring words for three years and don't want to hear them anymore..." At the meeting, a
A sailor named Perepelkin delivered a speech against the current Soviet Russian government and read the above-mentioned fifteen-point resolution. Except for a very small number of party members, most of the attendees were in line with this resolution. The sailor also suggested that everyone
Troops and organizations sent two representatives to discuss the issue of re-election of the Kronstadt Soviet.
And that day, the two representative battleships elected a ship committee to replace the political commissar to maintain order on the ship. The ship committee held a meeting that night, and representatives from other ships also participated. Some representatives returned to Petrograd the next day and reported this to other ships.
situation. Most of the representatives at the meeting rejected the request to arrest Kalinin, the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee who came to the fleet, as a hostage, and allowed him to leave smoothly.
A congress was held in the National Education Hall in Kronstadt. A total of more than 600 people attended the congress, 25% of the representatives were members of the Russian Communist Party, and five non-partisans formed the bureau. The central topic of the conference was Kronstadt.
The Ronstadt Soviet Committee began to challenge the Bolshevik government.
At that time, the official representatives, Lord Shivasilyev of the Kronstadt Soviet Committee, and others were still trying to appease the soldiers' emotions, but their untimely falsehoods were interrupted several times by the soldiers.
At this time, news came from outside the venue that cadets from the military academy came with guns to arrest people, so the meeting immediately made a decision to establish a temporary [revolutionary] committee, with Petrichenko as the [chairman]
seats.
In a hurry, the congress passed a series of resolutions: non-party persons immediately occupied all important strongholds and communication stations, and under strict supervision, the members of the Russian Communist Party who held positions were disarmed and arrested, and the seized weapons were strictly counted; and the "revolutionary" trio were elected.
The Provisional [Revolutionary] Committee took over the local government in Kronstadt, maintained order, and had the power to use force to implement the meeting resolutions. The battleship "Petopavlovsk..." was regarded as a provisional [Revolutionary] Committee.
The seat of the committee.
Vasilyev and some other famous leaders of the Russian Communist Party were arrested. This was a signal that the sailors in Kronstadt rose up to rebel against the Bolsheviks!
Since August 2, some party members have escaped from the fortress one after another. Based on their intuition, a "counter-revolutionary riot" has occurred here. The opinions of these people have an important influence on the government.
On the evening of August 2, the Red Army stationed in the fortress decided to unite with the Provisional Revolutionary Committee.
That night, all the offices of the Communications Department were occupied by the Provisional Revolutionary Committee's security team, and the Committee officially solemnly announced to all the surrounding people: "Comrades! Citizens! Our country is in a moment of crisis, with hunger, cold, and economic collapse.
It has been almost ten years since we were placed in iron shackles. The Bolsheviks who took charge of the country were separated from the masses and were unable to save the country from total collapse. The Bolsheviks were really wrong. These movements and demands are the demands of all the people.
The voice of all workers.”
In order for these elections to be conducted on a fairer basis, it is precisely for the Soviet to find its own true representatives of the working people and for the Soviet to become an active and dynamic organ.
Comrades! Citizens! The Provisional [Revolutionary] Committee is worried about any bloodshed, and they will take extraordinary measures to maintain [revolutionary] order in the city, fortresses and forts..."
On August 2, 1920, the Kronstadt Sailors' Uprising, which shocked the Soviet Russian government and without much preparation, broke out in the precarious Russia!!.