The First Songhu Anti-Japanese War on 128

After the September 18th Incident, in order to divert international attention and force the Nanjing National Government to surrender, the Japanese aggressors continued to provoke provocations and troubles in Shanghai in early 1932. On the evening of January 28, the Japanese invaders suddenly attacked the GMD Tenth in Zhabei.

The Ninth Route Army launched an attack, and then attacked Jiangwan and Wusong. The Nineteenth Route Army, led by Army Commander Cai Tingkai and Commander-in-Chief Jiang Guangnai, rose up to resist.

Introduction

The January 28th Incident (called the Shanghai Incident or the First Shanghai Incident in Japan, the Songhu War) occurred in Shanghai, China in 1932. It was an attempt by Japan to move the country from north to south after the September 18th Incident in 1931.

The invasion plan was changed from east to west to facilitate long-term operations, and a battle was initiated in Shanghai. On the night of January 28, 1932, the Japanese invading army attacked the Zhabei area from the concession. The 19th Route Army stationed in Shanghai rose up.

resistance, the Songhu Anti-Japanese War began. It lasted for more than a month. Because the gmd government insisted on the policy of non-resistance and undermined the Songhu Anti-Japanese War, the 19th Route Army was forced to withdraw from Shanghai. With the mediation of Britain, the United States, France and other countries, the gmd government and

Japan signed the traitorous "Songhu Armistice Agreement".

History background

On the eve of the incident

After the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, the Japanese imperialists made further progress and attempted to occupy Shanghai as a base to continue their invasion of China. On the night of January 28, 1932, the Japanese invading troops attacked the Zhabei area from the concession and stationed themselves in Shanghai.

Driven by the national anti-Japanese upsurge, the 19th Route Army rose up to resist and began the Songhu War of Resistance. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Japanese factory workers in Shanghai

The Anti-Japanese Alliance strike was held, and people from all walks of life organized the Anti-Japanese Salvation Association and joined the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army, transportation teams, ambulance teams, etc. to actively support the front line.

create trouble

Anti-Japanese sentiment among the Chinese people is rising. Japan claims that it will take self-defense measures to protect the interests of Japanese overseas Chinese. At 4:00 pm on January 18, 1932, five Japanese monks, including Amasaki Keisheng, entered the Chinese community adjacent to the East District (Yangshupu) of the Shanghai Public Settlement.

They were beaten outside the Sanyou Industrial Co., Ltd. on Ma Yushan Road. One person died and another was seriously injured. The Japanese side blamed the factory pickets. 50 members of the Japanese Overseas Chinese Youth Gay and Lesbian Association set fire to the Sanyou Industrial Co., Ltd. and then hacked to death and injured them again after returning to the concession.

Three Chinese from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce Bureau were on patrol. On that day, Japanese expatriates gathered at the Japanese Residents Group on Wenjianshi Road (Tanggu Road) and marched along North Sichuan Road to the Japanese Marine Corps Headquarters at the northern end of the road, demanding that the Japanese Marine Corps intervene.

.On the way, when they got close to Qiujiang Road, they started to riot and attacked Chinese shops.

Be patient and avoid the enemy

On January 24, the Japanese Marine Corps sent additional troops to Shanghai. The Chinese army responsible for defending Shanghai at that time was the 19th Route Army of the Guangdong Army, commanded by Jiang Guangnai and Cai Tingkai, and the Beijing-Shanghai garrison commander was Chen Mingshu. Chen Mingshu and the 19th Route Army advocated

In response to the Japanese provocation, the Nationalist Government advocated tolerance after the meeting, and on January 23, Minister of Military Affairs He Yingqin ordered the 19th Route Army to switch defenses from Shanghai within five days.

The incident broke out

At 23:30 on January 28, 2,300 Japanese Marines, under the cover of tanks, marched along every branch road on the west side of North Sichuan Road (a cross-border road construction in the northern area of ​​the public concession, which has been designated as a Japanese defense zone many times):

Target Road, Qiujiang Road, Hengbang Road, etc., occupied the Songhu Railway defense line to the west, and encountered firm resistance from the Chinese garrison of the 19th Route Army at Tiantong'an Station. The January 28th Incident broke out.

tenacious resistance

In the early morning of January 29, Japanese planes took off from the aircraft carrier "Notoro" anchored on the Huangpu River and bombed the Commercial Press at No. 584 Baoshan Road and the Oriental Library (China's largest private library with more than three dozen books) in Huajie, Zhabei.

(100,000 volumes) were bombed. Many places in Zhabei were burned. However, the Japanese Marines’ attempt to seize the North Station ended in failure.

armistice

The Songhu Anti-Japanese War lasted for more than a month thanks to the heroic struggle of the Shanghai navy and civilians, inflicting a heavy blow on the Japanese invaders, with more than 10,000 casualties, and the commander was changed four times. Because the gmd government insisted on the policy of non-resistance and sabotaged the Songhu Anti-Japanese War, 19

The Route Army was forced to evacuate Shanghai. With the mediation of Britain, the United States, France and other countries, the gmd government signed the traitorous "Songhu Armistice Agreement" with Japan.

Cause of launch

After the "September 18th" Incident, in order to cover up the conspiracy of the Japanese Kwantung Army to concoct the puppet government of Manchukuo, the senior staff officer of the Kwantung Army Seishiro Itagaki colluded with the assistant military attache of the Japanese Embassy in Shanghai, Tanaka Takayoshi, and planned to cause trouble in Shanghai. Tanaka Takayoshi and the female spy

Kawashima Yoshiko planned and instigated Japanese monk Amasaki Kaisho and five other people to throw stones at the workers' volunteer army at the China Sanyou Industrial Co., Ltd. General Factory on Mayushan Road on January 18, 1932, and they fought with the workers. Tanaka manipulated the gangsters and traitors to take advantage of the opportunity.

Two Japanese monks were beaten to serious injuries, and the Japanese side reported that one of them died in the hospital. Then they used this as an excuse to instruct a group of thugs from the Japanese Overseas Chinese Youth Gay Association to burn down the Sanyou Industrial Co., Ltd. late at night on the 19th, hacking to death and injuring three Chinese people.

police officer.

On the 20th, more than a thousand overseas Chinese were incited to gather and march, and they strongly demanded the Japanese Consul General and the Marine Corps to intervene. On the 21st, the Japanese Consul General Murai Somatsu made four unreasonable demands to the mayor of Shanghai: apology, punishment, compensation, and disbandment of anti-Japanese groups.

On the 22nd, Koichi Shiozawa, commander of Japan’s 1st Foreign Expedition Fleet stationed in Shanghai, issued a threatening statement, stepping up war preparations and deploying troops from Japan to Shanghai on the grounds of protecting overseas Chinese.

On the 27th, Murai issued an ultimatum to the Shanghai municipal authorities, requiring a satisfactory reply before 18:00 on the 28th, otherwise necessary actions would be taken. In order to concentrate its forces on "suppressing communism" in the west, the gmd government continued to implement the policy of non-resistance against Japan. Military and political affairs

Minister He Yingqin urgently telegraphed the 19th Route Army to endure the humiliation and ask for mercy, ordering Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng to accept all the unreasonable demands made by Japan at 13:45 on the 28th. Chiang Kai-shek, who was temporarily out of office, entrusted gmd veteran Zhang Jingjiang to persuade Cai Tingkai to avoid conflict with the Japanese army and mobilize the military police

The 16th Regiment took over the defense of the 19th Route Army in Shanghai. The Japanese side received Wu Tiecheng's reply and expressed "satisfaction", but on the grounds of protecting overseas Chinese, they demanded that the Chinese army withdraw from Zhabei, and would raid Zhabei that night without waiting for a reply.[2]

go through

The beginning of the incident

At about 11 o'clock on the night of January 28, 1932, after the Shanghai Municipal Government responded that it accepted its request, it raised the issue of dismantling the Chinese garrison and defense facilities in Zhabei. At 12 o'clock, without waiting for a reply, it launched an attack on the Chinese garrison in Zhabei, and the war broke out.

.That night, the 19th Route Army of the Chinese garrison, under the leadership of Commander-in-Chief Jiang Guangnai, Commander Cai Tingkai and others, rose up to resist, forcing the Japanese army to accept the mediation of Britain, the United States and other countries and temporarily cease the war the next night. On February 3, the fighting resumed.

The Japanese army was repulsed. Seven days later, Japan successively deployed additional mixed brigades and divisions to Shanghai to participate in the battle. They were appointed commanders twice to strengthen command. On the 20th, the Japanese army launched a full-scale attack on Wusong, Jiangwan, and Zhabei.

On the 23rd, the 19th Route Army launched a decisive battle with the Japanese army at Miaohang, killing more than 3,000 Japanese troops and more than 2,000 soldiers themselves. After February 24, Japan again changed its commander and reinforced two divisions to Shanghai to participate in the war.

The army did not receive any assistance from the Nanjing government except for the Fifth Army, which came to assist in the battle. On March 1, the Japanese army launched a general attack centered on Jiangwan, and the 19th Route Army had to order a retreat. On the 2nd, the Japanese army occupied the

Field, Liuhe. On the 3rd, under the mediation of Britain, the United States and other countries, Japan and China announced an armistice. On May 5th, the Nationalist Government signed the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" with Japan. It stipulated that Shanghai was a demilitarized zone, and China was not allowed to travel from Shanghai to Suzhou.

, stationed troops in Kunshan, while Japanese troops could stay in Shanghai. Through the January 28th Incident, Japan achieved the dual purpose of piecing together the puppet Manchukuo (proclaimed on March 1) and forcing the Nanjing National Government to surrender.

At the beginning of the incident, the Japanese troops stationed in Shanghai had more than 1,800 Marines and more than 4,000 armed Japanese overseas, more than 40 aircraft, and dozens of armored vehicles, distributed in the Hongkou Concession and Yangshupu, and 23 naval ships were cruising outside the Yangtze River Estuary and Huangpu.

On the river, it was commanded by Koichi Shiozawa, commander of the Navy's 1st Overseas Fleet. At midnight on January 28, the Marines raided Zhabei in three groups and captured Tiantong'an Station and Shanghai North Railway Station. The navy and civilians in Shanghai were filled with indignation and took charge of the garrison in the Shanghai-Nanjing area.

The three divisions of the 19th Route Army were tasked with a total of more than 30,000 people. The 60th and 61st divisions were stationed in Suzhou and Nanjing, and the two brigades of the 78th Division were stationed in Shanghai. They rose up to resist the war under the command of Commander-in-Chief Jiang Guangnai and Army Commander Cai Tingkai.

The 156th Brigade defending the urban area, with the active cooperation of the 16th Military Police Regiment that came to take over the defense, repulsed the Japanese troops attacking from Yokohama Road, Qiujiang Road, and Baoshan Road, and recaptured Tiantongan Station and Shanghai North Railway Station on the 29th.

The Japanese army was defeated and retreated from the concession. Through the "mediation" of the consuls of the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, a ceasefire agreement was reached and the troops were delayed to wait for reinforcements. The people of Shanghai responded to the leadership and leadership of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of China.

Driven by this, rescue teams and volunteers were organized one after another to actively support the 19th Route Army in the war of resistance. On the 29th, the Japanese government issued a statement threatening the Chinese government, falsely accusing the Shanghai incident of being caused by China's anti-Japanese movement. The Nanjing government hurriedly moved to Luoyang on the 30th.

By February 2, the Japanese army had deployed 2 additional aircraft carriers, 12 warships of various types, and 7,000 Marines to assist Shanghai. Jiang Guangnai urgently mobilized the 60th and 61st divisions to participate in the war. On the 3rd, the Japanese army violated the ceasefire agreement and moved toward Zhabei.

The attack was repelled by the defenders. The Japanese cabinet then sent an additional 3rd Fleet and Army Kurume Mixed Brigade to assist Shanghai, and the commander of the 3rd Fleet, Koshizaburo Nomura, took over the command of Shiozawa. On the 7th, Nomura changed the attack point and attacked Wusong with the Kurume Brigade.

The Marine Corps attacked Jiangwan in an attempt to break through from the right wing of the defenders. The 19th Route Army relied on Wusong Fortress and the Yunzaobang water network area to fight fiercely with the Japanese army. The 61st Division destroyed the Japanese troops attacking Jijiaqiao, Caojiaqiao and Yunzaobang.

, the remaining Japanese troops retreated to the concession, and the consuls of Britain, the United States and other countries once again came forward to "mediate", waiting for reinforcements.

bloody battle

The battle situation in Shanghai was unfavorable to the Japanese army. On February 14, the Japanese cabinet transferred the 9th Army Division to participate in the war, and the commander of the 9th Division, Kenkichi Ueda, was placed under the unified command. On the same day, the Chinese government sent Zhang Zhizhong, who was invited to fight against Japan, as the commander of the 5th Army and led the army.

The 87th and 88th Divisions of the headquarters and the Training Corps of the Central Army Officer School reinforced Shanghai and came under the unified command of the 19th Route Army. They took over the defense line from the northern end of Jiangwan through the temple to the western end of Wusong, forming the left-wing army. The 19th Route Army formed the right-wing

The army was responsible for the defense of Jiangwan, south of Dachang and urban Shanghai. On the 18th, Ueda issued an ultimatum, threatening the Chinese defenders to retreat 20 kilometers before 17:00 on the 20th, but Cai Tingkai sternly refused. On the 20th, Ueda ordered the Japanese troops to move forward across the entire line.

The general offensive adopts the strategy of breaking through in the center and rolling in from both wings. The 9th Division takes the lead in breaking through Jiangwan and the junction of Miao and Xing. It attempts to besiege Wusong with the Kurume Brigade in the north and encircle Zhabei with the Marine Corps in the south. The defending 19th Route Army and the 19th Route Army

The 5th Army fought side by side and cooperated closely, using the Yangtze River Delta water network zone and existing fortifications to fight tenaciously, and organized a force with strong combat effectiveness to attack the enemy at the junction of the river bay and the temple. After 6 days and nights of fighting, the Japanese army suffered heavy losses.

The all-line attack turned into a key attack, and then the key attack was forced to suspend the attack.

The Songhu Anti-Japanese War inspired the whole country. Officers and soldiers from the rear volunteered to fight the war. Chiang Kai-shek refused to send more troops to Shanghai. The Japanese cabinet decided to form a Shanghai Expeditionary Army and sent former Army Minister Shirakawa Yoshinori as commander to unified command. From February 27, the Japanese Army in Shanghai

It also received reinforcements from the 11th and 14th Army Divisions, and the total strength increased to 90,000, with 80 warships and 300 aircraft. The combat effectiveness increased sharply. At that time, the total strength of the Chinese garrison was less than 50,000, and the equipment was poor. After one month

The battle was hard, with serious casualties, and the river defense in the Liuhe area on the left was weak. Baichuan learned from the lessons of the previous three commanders' failed frontal attacks and decided to land at Liuhe from the flank and attack the Songhu defenders from both sides. On March 1, he commanded the 9th Division

The other troops attacked Song and Shanghai head-on, and used the 3rd Fleet to escort the 11th Division to the Yangtze River Estuary. They suddenly landed at Liuhekou, Yanglinkou, and Qiyakou, and quickly outflanked the defenders' retreat. The Songhu defenders were attacked from both sides and were forced to

Retreat to Jiading and Taicang. On the 2nd, the Japanese army captured Shanghai, and the war ended on the 3rd.

With the support of the people, the Chinese army fought bloody battles and defeated the Japanese attacks in succession. The enemy changed its generals three times and increased its troops several times, resulting in more than 10,000 casualties and a heavy blow. However, the government authorities compromised and did not continue to send reinforcements. The defenders were outnumbered and the defense line ended.

The Japanese army broke through from the flank and was forced to retreat. Later, with the mediation of Britain, the United States, France, Italy and other countries, China and Japan negotiated. On May 5, the Chinese government and Japan signed the "Songhu Armistice Agreement", which was humiliating and humiliating the country. Soon,

The gmd government transferred the heroic 19th Route Army to Fujian to suppress the Communists.

On January 24, the Japanese Marine Corps sent additional troops to Shanghai. The Chinese army responsible for defending Shanghai at that time was the 19th Route Army of the Guangdong Army, commanded by Jiang Guangnai and Cai Tingkai, and the Beijing-Shanghai garrison commander was Chen Mingshu. Chen Mingshu and the 19th Route Army advocated

In response to the Japanese provocation, the Nationalist Government advocated tolerance after the meeting, and on January 23, Minister of Military Affairs He Yingqin ordered the 19th Route Army to switch defenses from Shanghai within five days.

At 23:30 on January 28, 2,300 Japanese Marines, under the cover of tanks, marched along every branch road on the west side of North Sichuan Road (a cross-border road construction in the northern area of ​​the public concession, which has been designated as a Japanese defense zone many times):

Target Road, Qiujiang Road, Hengbang Road, etc., and occupied the Songhu Railway defense line to the west. At Tiantong'an Station, they encountered firm resistance from the Chinese garrison of the 19th Route Army, and the January 28th Incident broke out.

In the early morning of January 29, Japanese planes took off from the aircraft carrier "Notoro" anchored on the Huangpu River and bombed the Commercial Press at No. 584 Baoshan Road and the Oriental Library (China's largest private library with more than three dozen books) in Huajie, Zhabei.

(100,000 volumes) were bombed. Many places in Zhabei were burned. However, the Japanese Marines’ attempt to seize the North Station ended in failure.

On January 31, Japanese reinforcements arrived in Shanghai, including 4 cruisers, 4 destroyers, 2 aircraft carriers and more than 7,000 marines. On February 1, Japanese warships bombarded the capital Nanjing from the Yangtze River. The Nationalist Government announced that it would move to Luoyang

, expressing their determination not to surrender (they did not move back to Nanjing until the end of the year). In early February, more than 10,000 Japanese troops attacked Wusong several times, but were repulsed. On February 13, the powerful Japanese army from Kurume formed a brigade of more than a thousand people and attacked Caojiaqiao in Yunzaobang.

After the successful smuggling, they were heavily surrounded by Chinese troops in front of the Yongan Cotton Mill. Another 60 suicide bombers carried out suicide attacks, and the entire 1,600 Japanese army was wiped out. The Japanese army suffered heavy losses and their attempt to occupy Wusong failed. After that, the war expanded and the Japanese army changed four times.

The commander-in-chief was changed from rear admiral to vice admiral, and finally to army general and former army minister Shirakawa Yoshinori. After several increases in troops, Japan finally invested more than 70,000 troops in three divisions; and also used naval forces.

Air force and tanks assist in the battle.

armistice

On the Chinese side, Chiang Kai-shek returned to take charge of the military after the incident. The 87th and 88th Divisions of the Central Army, the Tax Police Regiment, and the Training Regiment were the Fifth Army, commanded by Zhang Zhizhong, and joined the battle in Shanghai on February 16;

Afterwards, Chiang transferred Chen Cheng's troops of the 18th Army, which was encircling and suppressing the Communist Army in Jiangxi, into Zhejiang. With the support of the people, the Chinese army resisted the Japanese attack in the Jiangwan area until March 2. As the Japanese troops landed at Liuhe in Taicang, they were attacked from both sides.

The situation was so great that they withdrew from the front line in an all-round way. On March 3, the Japanese army occupied Zhenru and declared a ceasefire after Nanxiang.

On May 5, China and Japan signed the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" under the mediation of Britain, the United States, France, and Italy. The Japanese army returned to the pre-war defense area (the North and East Areas of the Shanghai Public Settlement and its cross-border road construction areas), and the Chinese army

Temporarily stay at the current station (the line from Anting Town on the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway to Hupu on the Yangtze River), and the warring area is classified as an unarmed area.

Before the two countries formally signed the armistice agreement, the Japanese held a military parade in Hongkou Park on April 29 to celebrate the Tenchang Festival of the Japanese Emperor's longevity and the victory of the Japanese army. Korean anti-Japanese comrade Yun Bongji mixed into the crowd and threw a bomb at the guest of honor. As a result
Chapter completed!