Zhang Xianzhong's official career is very strange. He suddenly changed from village chief to governor, and then from governor to county magistrate.
The officials in the Ministry of Civil Affairs were confused and didn't know how to record it.
In fact, it's very simple. With Zhang Xianzhong's age and experience, the emperor has the final say no matter what he does, and his career only has the last few years left.
Perhaps Zhao Han also felt awkward, so he made Zhang Xianzhong a baron to make up for the gap of being demoted from governor to county magistrate.
In Datong China, society is progressing, and Europe has not stopped either.
In this year, France saw the second recorded blood transfusion in humans.
The first time was two years ago when physiologist Lawwell transfused a small amount of lamb's blood into a 13-year-old child.
Denis, Louis XIV's physician, heard the news and learned that the child was fine, so he began his own journey of evil. Within a year, he gave blood transfusions to seven people, and all the transfusions were sheep blood and cow blood.
Blood.
Of these seven victims, three survived and four died.
One of the family members of the deceased took Dennis to court. Later investigation proved that the cause of death of the deceased was actually arsenic poisoning, because he also saw another doctor. And the medicine prescribed to him by that doctor contained arsenic...
…
But the matter still became a big deal, because the deceased was a nobleman, and France and the United Kingdom banned blood transfusion treatment.
China is also conducting blood transfusion experiments.
The cause was the same as in Europe, it was reading the blood circulation paper by British doctor Harvey.
A folk doctor from the Ziyang Sect transfused the blood of one dog into another dog, and both dogs lived well. Then he continued the experiment, bought ten dogs, and conducted cross-blood transfusions.
A month later, six of the ten unlucky dogs died one after another.
The doctor immediately wrote a paper and submitted it to Qintianyuan Medical Center. After it was published, it quickly caused a sensation.
A chorus of curses!
The director of the Medical Center issued an industry ban on this, prohibiting blood transfusion experiments on living people. This is because everyone knows that the Ziyang School doctors are a group of lunatics. If they dare to use dogs for experiments today, they will dare to do experiments on living people tomorrow.
Prohibitions are meant to be violated. In the future, there will definitely be doctors who secretly transfuse blood into living people.
…
In the twenty-seventh year of the Republic of China, there were no major events.
In the twenty-eighth year, the Datong Army regained the Ili Valley. Galdan, who had unified northern Xinjiang, was furious about this and took the initiative to attack Luntai City in the autumn of that year.
Luntai is Urumqi, the name was changed by Zhao Han himself.
The main force of the Western Expedition led by Jiang Liang has been divided into five. One part is stationed in Dayuan, some has returned to Shaanxi and Gansu, some has been stationed in Xinjiang, some has returned to Qinghai, and some have just recovered Ili. Therefore, facing Galdan's attack, the Datong Army could only
Able to defend Luntai City alone.
Galdan was unable to attack for a long time, so he chose to circle the city, pass through the Tianshan Pass, and head to the Turpan area to plunder.
The Han immigrants had already received the news. Those who could enter the city entered the city, and those who were far away from the city all hid in simple earthen forts.
The civilians of all ethnic groups suffered. Most of them were freed serfs. Their lives finally improved a little, but they were plundered by Galdan. All the newly harvested grain was robbed, and all the livestock they raised were also robbed.
Even many people were kidnapped.
Such behavior made Jiang Liang furious, and the people of all ethnic groups also shared the same hatred.
In the twenty-ninth year, the snow melted in spring, and Jiang Liang launched a counterattack.
When recruiting civilian husbands, people of all ethnic groups signed up enthusiastically. First, they could work as civilian husbands for the Datong Army and receive rations to tide over the food shortage crisis; second, they really hated Galdan and really wanted to fight for the Datong Army.
.
Jiang Liang led 15,000 cavalry, 36,000 infantry, and more than 50,000 Han Chinese and people of various nationalities. They first gathered in Luntai, and then went straight to the royal court of Galdan, Boxel County (Boxel County).
Galdan did not choose to escape. He felt that the Han army was small in number and could only fight 50,000 people, and there were only more than 10,000 cavalry.
Of course, they did not directly fight a decisive battle, but first harassed the Datong Army's food routes.
At the same time, He Yudu, who was stationed in Ili, led 3,000 Datong cavalry, 2,000 Mongolian cavalry, and 1,500 Geelygis cavalry. They brought few supplies and went north from the Ili Valley, across the Tianshan Mountains, and headed straight to Galdan's lair. They plundered along the way.
The Mongolian tribes obtained food on the spot and killed Galdan by surprise.
The two sides fought a decisive battle on the edge of the desert in the northwest of Berksali. Galdan attacked fiercely as soon as he came up, but he could not break through the Datong Army's vehicle formation. Instead, he was attacked by firearms. The charging troops collapsed, and Jiang Liang immediately launched a counterattack.
The Qianheshuote cavalry turned against them and turned around and rushed towards Galdan together.
Galdan was defeated and his entire army collapsed. He led thousands of remaining troops to flee westward to the Balkhash Lake area.
Jiang Liang asked the infantry and civilians to stay, and led the Datong cavalry, Jiligis cavalry, as well as the Junggar and Heshuote cavalry who had taken refuge, one person and two horses to continue the pursuit.
Galdan gathered more than 2,000 tribal cavalry in Balkhash. Facing Jiang Liang's pursuit, he still did not dare to resist. Finally, he took more than 8,000 people and fled to Zhongyuzi in the southwest.
How could Tou Kehan, who had conquered most of Zhongyuzi, tolerate this dragon crossing the river? He revealed his identity as the uncle of Emperor Zhao, displayed a banner of loyalty to the emperor, and shouted the slogan of defending Zhongyuzi.
He led 20,000 cavalry to pursue and intercept Galdan.
Galdan's troops were already exhausted, their morale fell to the bottom, and they were defeated again without any suspense.
This guy was really good at escaping. He took more than a thousand remaining soldiers and fled north to the territory of Tsarist Russia. Of course, he did not seek refuge with Tsarist Russia, but conquered the natives there and led them to seize the Cossack stronghold.
After this battle, Touke Khan's reputation became even more famous, and the remaining Zhongyuzi tribes took the initiative to declare their allegiance to him - the Junggar tribe and Zhongyuzi had a feud, and whoever could defeat the Junggar tribe would be recognized by the Zhongyuzi tribes.
In this way, Tou Ke Khan unified Zhongyuzi and then discussed the demarcation of the border with the Nanjing court.
The area in the south is naturally demarcated according to mountains and rivers.
China owns all the mountainous areas, and from a commanding position, it can attack Zhongyuzi at any time. As for Zhongyuzi, if it wants to invade China, it has to break through the mountain passes and fight its way in.
As for the north, Lake Balkhash and surrounding grasslands are all owned by Datong China.
Such a demarcation is a bit overbearing, because the south bank of Lake Balkhash and the grassland on the west bank have always been the territory of Zhongyuzi. Even the pastures on the north bank and east bank used to belong to Zhongyuzi, but they were snatched away by the Junggar tribe.
As compensation, the Nanjing court gave another reward.
Touq Khan was given a thousand muskets, five thousand sets of cotton armor, and eight thousand bolts of cotton cloth, which was equivalent to using these strategic materials in exchange for pastures on the south and west banks of Lake Balkhash.
Tou Kehan obtained so many supplies, and his strength suddenly increased sharply, especially those 5,000 sets of cotton armor, which could instantly equip 5,000 elite cavalry.
In the 30th year of the Republic of China, Tou Ke Khan led his army south to attack Dayuzi, which was being ravaged by the remnants of the Yarkand army.
Yaolewas, who was driven to Dayuzi by the Datong Army, defeated the scattered Dayuzi tribe into a group. But it was useless to unite. Because they had different ideas, they organized a coalition twice and were defeated twice by the Yarkand soldiers of Yaulevas.
Defeated, they could only rely on the city to hold on.
Tou Ke Khan led his army southward and was immediately welcomed by all the tribes in Dayuzi.
In the first battle, both sides suffered losses.
Before the second battle started, Yaolewas started a fire in his backyard. In the city of Dayuzi he conquered, rebel armies appeared one after another. He Zhuo led his followers to rebel.
Yaolevas could only lead the Yarkand army back to the rear to quell the rebellion. Tou Kehan immediately led his army to pursue them.
The two sides fought a decisive battle in Talas. Tou Kehan won a great victory, Yao Levas was defeated and died, and the remnants of the Yarkand army were completely destroyed.
After the war, the leaders of the various tribes in Dayuzi officially elected Touq Khan as the Great Khan of Kazakhstan.
In the 32nd year of the Republic of China, Tou Ke Khan led the armies of Zhongyuzi and Dayuzi to march westward to attack Xiaoyuzi. All the tribes he passed along the way surrendered one after another, and he won the allegiance of all the tribes in Xiaoyuzi without much fighting.
Zhao Han's foreign brother-in-law quickly completed the great cause of unifying Kazakhstan.
But he never thought about jumping back. The geographical location is really bad. The Kazakh grassland is flat and the Datong Army can come and leave whenever they want. However, the Chinese border is full of mountainous areas. Invading China is almost like playing a customs clearance game.
Even if the descendants of Touq Khan become rebellious, they will at most attack the Balkhash Lake area.
In the thirty-third year of the Republic of China, the Bukhara Khanate fell into civil strife.
The major separatist forces were no longer satisfied with separatism and wanted to swallow up neighboring forces. Some people even contacted the Datong Army, hoping that the Han people in Dawan Prefecture would send troops to help them reunify, and they would be given adequate rewards after the success was achieved.
The military and political officials of Dayuan Prefecture did not agree, and Tou Kehan did not dare to agree.
Historically, Tou Ke Khan sent troops to support the separatist forces to unify Bukhara, and was regarded as the Great Khan by the new king of Bukhara.
At this time, fearing to displease the Chinese emperor, Touq Khan did not dare to take action easily, and the Bukhara Khanate fell into continuous civil strife.
There had been chaos for several years, and the Chinese court could no longer sit still. The prefect of the Dawan Military and Civilian Prefecture, and the Grand Protector of the Anxi Protectorate, jointly requested the court for permission to send troops. Because the Bukhara Khanate continued to be in chaos, it brought disaster to the Silk Road.
, trade volume and tax revenue are declining every year.
After the Nanjing court approved, the Chinese army in Dayuan Prefecture and the Kazakh Touq Khan simultaneously sent troops to Bukhara to support the separatist forces in establishing a puppet regime.
…
The thirty-fourth year of the Republic of China.
Li Dingguo took so long to capture the entire Yenisei Military District in Tsarist Russia because he had to proceed step by step.
That is to say, to capture a stronghold, you must station troops and immigrate, and at the same time appease the local indigenous people. Basically, winning two Cossack strongholds every year is already Li Dingguo's limit, otherwise it will be too difficult to transport military supplies.
Also in this year, Zhao Han received a letter from France.
Two letters, one written by Louis XIV and one written by Leibniz.
Leibniz was a letter-writing madman and had three digits of pen pals in his life. Kangxi in parallel time and space was also Leibniz's pen pal. The two often discussed academic issues together. Leibniz's binary system was also inspired by Chinese Tai Chi
It was founded based on the Bagua revelation and ultimately influenced the invention of the electronic computer.
This gentleman was sent to Paris by the Duke of Saxony to serve as a diplomat.
He had little success in foreign affairs, but he took advantage of his position to communicate with nobles and scholars from various European countries for free. As he continued to communicate, he began to write letters to Zhao Han, and sent them together with Louis XIV's letters.
Zhao Han was very surprised when he received Leibniz's letter. What was even more surprising was that the content was not about mathematics, but asking Zhao Han about philosophical issues.
Leibniz was also a philosopher.
Zhao Han elaborated on his cosmology and moral outlook, and warmly invited Leibniz to visit China. If he is willing to settle in China, he can be an official.
Four years later, Zhao Han received a reply from Leibniz. He thanked His Majesty the Emperor for the invitation, but had no plans to leave Europe yet.
The specific reason is that Leibniz was a diplomat in Paris and made hundreds of pen pals at the same time. Once he changed his address, he would no longer receive those letters...
