Fang Yizhi was ordered to come to see him, and he also brought his three sons, Fang Zhongde, ten years old, Fang Zhongtong, eight years old, and Fang Zhonglu, four years old.
"Greetings to Your Majesty!"
The three children followed their father and bowed to each other in an upright manner.
Zhao Han liked it very much, took a knowledge test on the spot, and called his children.
The eldest son Zhao Kuanghuan is six years old, the second son Zhao Kuangluo, the eldest daughter Zhao Furong, and the second daughter Zhao Hanjin are only three years old.
Several children went to play by themselves, and Zhao Han asked casually: "What are the recent results of physical research?"
Fang Yizhi replied: "Reporting to your Majesty, I have discovered that the force of gravity has nothing to do with the mass of the object. An iron block weighing one kilogram and an iron block weighing ten kilograms will hit the ground at the same time when they fall from a height, ignoring the slight air resistance."
"Sure enough, it is an amazing discovery." Zhao Han said with a smile.
Half a century ago, Galileo discovered that in the Leaning Tower of Pisa, two iron balls fell at the same time.
It's just that Galileo didn't know about gravity. The concept of gravity here in China was still a concept given by Zhao Han.
Zhao Han asked again: "What about other than that?"
Fang Yizhi replied: "I have a student who said that water can be frozen, water can be heated and boiled into steam, and iron can be heated into molten iron. He put forward a very outrageous hypothesis. That is, everything has a real state.
, water state and gaseous state. Ice is in a solid state, it is heated and melted into water, and then heated and evaporated into gas. Iron is in a solid state, heated and melted into molten iron, and then heated and evaporated into iron gas."
Zhao Han smiled and said, "Did he verify his hypothesis?"
Fang Yizhi said: "Many experiments have been done, and some objects agree with the hypothesis. But other objects, such as steel, cannot rise into gas at all. There are also wood, which will burn if you burn it with fire, and will get hot if you fry it in a pan.
Blackened like charcoal."
Zhao Han said: "What do you think of his hypothesis?"
Fang Yizhi replied: "I think it is correct. The molten iron cannot evaporate into gas, maybe it is not heated enough. As for the wood... I have no clue yet."
"Is it possible that the real state, water state and gaseous state must be pure substances," Zhao Han said seductively, "Salt water is also water, but mixed with salt. After boiling the salt water, the water turns into gas and disappears, leaving
All that is added is salt, which is how the salt boiling method comes about. Therefore, the salt water is not pure water. And the wood, fresh wood has moisture, and it becomes lighter when baked or dried. This is because the water in the wood evaporates.
If it is heated and burned again, it will turn into charcoal, so something must have changed?"
Fang Yizhi pondered deeply, but still couldn't figure it out.
Zhao Han reminded: "It is better to make a thermometer."
"What is a thermometer?" Fang Yizhi asked.
Zhao Han said: "Clocks have scales that can record time. Scales have scales that can weigh objects. Why not make a tool to measure heat and cold?"
The more Fang Yizhi thought about it, the more confused he became: "The water temperature can be measured by hand, but how can it be measured with tools?"
Zhao Han smiled and said: "Have you ever noticed that when a bucket of water is placed outside in winter, the volume becomes smaller after freezing? Or maybe a door can be closed easily in winter, but it will hit the door frame in summer?"
Fang Yizhi thought about it carefully: "That's really the case."
"I guess that everything expands with heat and contracts with cold," Zhao Han said. "It is better to make a device out of glass, pour mercury into it, and then mark the corresponding scale. Put it in hot water, and the height of the mercury column will be
The difference is that when placed in cold water, the height of the mercury column is different. So the water temperature of the water that is about to freeze is set to zero degrees, and the scale is marked on the thermometer. Then the water temperature of the water that is about to boil is set to 100 degrees.
In this way, from zero to one hundred degrees, evenly divided into one hundred scales, we can know what each degree is, and we can measure the heat and cold of various objects."
Fang Yizhi started thinking again.
Zhao Han continued: "Glass is inconvenient to conduct heat. You can get a contact pin in the thermometer and connect it to the mercury inside. Then use copper as the thermometer's contact pin."
At this point, Fang Yizhi became restless and obviously wanted to go home immediately to do experiments.
Because the amount of information is too large, we must first prove the principle of "thermal expansion and contraction".
Thermal expansion and contraction, just four words, are the key to mankind entering the steam age.
In more than fifty years, the first steam engine model would be born in Europe. Then another nineteen years later, the first steam water pump would appear, which would discharge the water in the mine through the steam engine.
Seeing that Fang Yizhi's mind was no longer here, Zhao Han said with a smile: "Go and do the experiment. I will send someone back to your three sons."
"Wei Chen, please leave!" Fang Yizhi stood up immediately.
In the garden.
Several children were playing with bamboo dragonflies. Fang Zhongde, who ranked fourth in the unified examination of Jinling Prefecture, put his hands together, and the bamboo dragonfly immediately jumped into the sky.
"Wow, flying so high!"
The princes and princesses raised their necks and followed the flight path of the bamboo dragonfly.
When the bamboo dragonfly landed, Gun'er picked it up and said, "Are these its wings? How does it fly?"
Fang Zhongtong held his head high and said: "My father taught me that the blades of bamboo dragonflies have an inclination angle. When they rotate, they push the air downward and obtain the reaction lift force of the air."
Zhang'er didn't understand it at all, but he still praised: "Your father is so smart, even my father doesn't understand!"
Zhao Han stood nearby, dumbfounded.
A few children were competing to play with a bamboo dragonfly. Zhao Han asked the female official to bring a piece of kraft paper, fold it into a paper airplane and fly it out with force.
"This is fun too!" Zhang'er rushed over with his younger siblings.
Brothers Fang Zhongde and Fang Zhongtong were puzzled: "Why can this one also fly?"
Zhao Han smiled and said, "Go home and ask your father."
…
Suzhou.
Wu Weiye, Liu Tongsheng and other officials of the Ming Dynasty were boating on Taihu Lake.
Liu Tongsheng was the number one scholar in the Ming Dynasty. He had "taken refuge" with Zhao Han and ran away with his whole family at night. He and Wu Weiye were both selected as prince's advisers, but after Chongzhen was suppressed and neglected the government, they were ostracized by Xue Guoguan and other political opponents.
.
In anger, Wu Weiye, Liu Tongsheng and others resigned collectively and returned to the south, just in time to escape Li Zicheng's torture.
They had no meritorious service and could only start as petty officials.
After all, they were both well-educated and famous Confucians, so they couldn't bear to be appointed as officials, so they simply applied for jobs as teachers in schools and taught the Four Books in the middle school in their hometown.
Now that it is summer vacation, Liu Tongsheng went to Jiangsu to visit friends and attracted a group of down-and-out literati to travel to Taihu Lake.
In the painting boat, the famous prostitute Su Nuan is playing the piano.
Wu Weiye sighed: "Do you know about this year's provincial examination?"
Chen Mingxia said in a contemptuous tone: "The content of the provincial examination is very superficial. The Five Classics are not tested, and only one question from the Four Books is tested. Even the children of the Ming Dynasty can easily pick it up. Such an imperial examination will mislead the children!"
The last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Chongzhen, had already hanged himself before he could pass the imperial examination.
Chen Mingxia also wanted to be an official in the Datong court. He started as a minor official and was promoted to the mayor in half a year. After working for another two or three months, he felt that it was not profitable and boring, and he was far away from becoming a county magistrate, so he simply resigned and went home.
I had fun writing poetry.
"This is not an imperial examination," Mao Bijiang said, "it is just a unified examination for the whole province. There is only one question left on the eight-legged essay, and the rest are practical subjects. I heard from a friend that your majesty has long planned to re-establish the imperial examination, but
I will definitely not use stereotypes to recruit people again."
Jin Shengtan smiled and said: "It would be great if you don't use stereotyped writing to select scholars. When the imperial examination is resumed one day, I will also take the exam."
Mao Bijiang reminded: "You have to study in advance to avoid failing the exam."
Jin Shengtan was born as a scholar and has not yet been expelled from school.
Historically, this person was expelled from his official position simply because he took advantage of the county's educational edict to make fun of him.
One of the annual exams, which is equivalent to the annual final examination, asked the question: Are you tempted by this?
Jin Shengtan's article is as follows: In the empty mountains and poor valleys, there are thousands of taels of gold; outside the white and green grass, there is a beautiful person. May I ask Master, are you tempted? He said: Move, move, move...
The teaching was so angry that he laughed and asked: "Why do you write thirty-nine movements?"
Jin Shengtan replied: "Confucius said that you should not be confused when you are 40 years old. I am thirty-nine years old this year."
Later, the county school's teachings and instructions gave Jin Shengtan a separate topic: How many reasons are humans different from beasts?
Obviously calling Jin Shengtan a beast, Jin Shengtan immediately gave an explanation: Beasts cannot be taught, even if you teach them, they are still beasts. Animals cannot be taught, even if you teach them, they are still beasts.
Now that the new dynasty has been established, Jin Shengtan is living a pretty cool life.
His main job is dancing, and his side job is literary critic. Both professions are quite profitable.
Liu Tongsheng lamented: "Alas, the imperial examination is not popular. I was the number one scholar in the previous dynasty, but now I am just the king of children, teaching a group of children in the county middle school. This Your Majesty is really... really..."
What is it really, I dare not say it.
All the scholars felt contempt in their hearts, thinking that this old gentleman was too stupid.
When the Liu family took refuge with the Emperor of Datong, the Emperor of Datong only had a territory of two counties. It was an absolute feat of Conglong, and the whole family had to flee, but now they can't even get an official position.
If he hadn't run away, he would probably have reached the third rank!
In fact, Liu Tongsheng himself regrets it, but regretting is useless. If he really had to choose again, without knowing the future, he would still take his family and run away.
He is the number one scholar, how could he join the rebels?
Seeing that the atmosphere in the cabin was not right, Wu Weiye pointed to a mountain pavilion in Taihu Lake and said, "Brother Jin Qing, a night-blossom pavilion was built last year. Do you know why this pavilion has such a name?"
"Are there many kinds of epiphyllum outside the pavilion?" Liu Tongsheng asked.
"No, no," Mao Bijiang said with a smile, "There is a treasure vase on the top of this pavilion. The vase is hollowed out into two layers, and an oil lamp is placed in the vase. The light can be seen from miles away at night. The wind from Taihu Lake blows
Come, the four windows on the outer wall of the Aquarius rotate, and the lights flicker on and off, like a flash in the pan. Hang a copper plate in the pavilion, add sesame oil, and the fire of the Aquarius will stay on. Not only that, no matter how strong the lake wind is, it will not go out.
You can’t blow out the light in the vase.”
This pavilion not only provides a place for tourists to rest, but also serves as a beacon for boatmen at night.
Liu Tongsheng exclaimed: "What a skillful craftsman did."
Jin Shengtan said with a smile: "The craftsman's name is Xu Zhengming. He is really a weirdo. He actually imitated the children's toy bamboo dragonfly and made a kind of flying chair. He worked for more than ten years, and all the money he earned went into it. The family often ran out of food. Last time
The moon finally flew up, but it was only more than a foot above the ground. It barely flew two or three feet before falling down."
"Can it really lift off the ground?" Liu Tongsheng was greatly surprised.
Chen Mingxia laughed: "It's more than a foot tall and it's called flying? It's just a toy."
(Note: The deeds of craftsman Xu Zhengming can be found in "Wu County Chronicles Xiangshan Xiaozhi". The flying chair was more than a foot off the ground, flew across a stream and fell to the ground. After Xu Zhengming's death, his wife chopped firewood and burned the flying chair out of complaint.
The husband threw all the money into it.)
(Thanks to the leader who read the book so deeply that he forgets his own words for the reward!)
