It is difficult to say clearly how many states there are in Italy, but the six main forces have always been very clear.
First, the Papal States.
The most classic evaluation of this strange country is: Although the Pope is unable to unify Italy, he has enough power to prevent others from unifying it.2 11]
Second, the Principality of Milan.
When other Italian states were still in city-state republics, Milan took the lead in realizing the autocracy of lords. 7 2
Third, Florence.{ 16 ]
The system of this state continued to change, and finally, with the support of Spain, it became a principality a hundred years ago. Ren 11
Fourth, the Republic of Genoa.
This product is a vassal of Spain. A hundred years ago, the Spanish royal family went bankrupt and the German bankers lost all their money. Genoa took the opportunity to lend money to Spain and continuously obtained money.
American silver began a seventy-year golden age. As American silver production decreased, the Spanish royal family went bankrupt many times, and Genoa also fell into decline. 1 2
Fifth, the Republic of Venice. Ren 8]
About 200 industrial and commercial families constitute the oligarchic republic of Venice. The chief administrator is elected, and the nobles and powerful citizens form a parliament, which is then handed over to the steward.
To deal with government affairs. It has a large number of overseas territories and has been at war with the Ottomans for 90 years. Sometimes there are armistices, sometimes peace talks, sometimes cooperation, and it has been losing territory.
In addition, due to the abolition of clergy privileges, the Pope issued an excommunication order against Venice. Although the Republic of Venice regarded the excommunication order as nonsense, it also caused it to be politically suppressed in Italy.
Political isolation. Even though the excommunication order has been lifted through French intervention, political isolation has always existed. Ren 3]
While the various states are isolating Venice, they also need Venice to resist Ottoman expansion. Probably there is a rogue in the village, and the villagers are unwilling to play with him, but they try their best to
Cheer up and learn the drums, and enjoy seeing him fight with the gangsters from the next village.
Sixth, Naples.
This thing is a bargaining chip for the marriage between France and Spain. Both sides have suzerainty over Naples, which is either controlled by France or Spain. Currently, it is controlled by Spain.
Spain controls.
55]
It has a vast territory, a powerful navy, and a high degree of centralization.
Among all Italian states, Naples had the heaviest taxes and the most serious exploitation of the middle and lower classes. Therefore, the subsequent Italian Unification-Revolutionary War,
The first revolutionary wave appeared in Naples.
Naples, - inside a leather shop.
Antonio, the shop owner, told the gathering: "We have summarized several reasons for the failure of the uprising more than ten years ago. First, the leaders of the uprising cannot act arbitrarily, otherwise it will cause consequences.
Internal division; secondly, the French royal family is unreliable. They agreed to support the uprising, but only want to usurp the fruits of our uprising; thirdly, the Spanish king and governor cannot be trusted.
The Governor must be killed!"
Naples is a kingdom whose king is concurrently served by the King of Spain.
Thirteen years ago, the Governor of Naples announced a tax increase. The fishmonger Masaniello led a riot, and the lawyer Genoino secretly fanned the flames. The slogan of the riot was: "Spain.
Long live the king, we don’t want taxes, and the unpopular government (governor) gets out of here.”
3]
The governor was forced to participate in negotiations and accept various demands. The fishmonger Masaniello was appointed as the "most loyal leader of the people" and formed a people's government -...
Everything went too smoothly, and the fishmonger quickly became corrupted. He betrayed the initial signs of the uprising, acted arbitrarily after taking power, and even killed opponents at will. Before the governor took action, people
The civilian government began to depose and arrest him, and he fled to a monastery and was killed.
The lawyer who planned the uprising became the new people's leader,
As a result, he wore a pair of trousers with the governor. After the cruel fishmonger died, he was regarded as a hero by the people, and then continued to expose
A riot broke out and the lawyer who usurped power was killed. The new people's leader continued to suppress the uprising. The people continued to revolt, and the uprising spread to Sicily. Ren 3
An arms dealer became the leader of the people and announced the formation of the Republic of Naples, secretly gaining support from the French royal family.
France directly dispatched its navy, and the French Duke of Guise was elected Duke of the Republic of Naples. This man intensified his efforts to exploit the people, and the uprising spread to all directions.
Fang. In the end, Spain sent out its army, the French Duke ran away, and the people's leader (arms dealer) was executed.
The shopkeeper Antonio said: "What we will carry out is not a city riot, but a revolution. Neither the kings nor the nobles of Spain and France can protect our rights and interests.
They only know about constant taxation. We must establish a republic, form a republic parliament, and formulate republic laws. The parliament can retain the nobility, but lawyers, businessmen,
Craftsmen and other people can be elected as members of parliament and must occupy two-thirds of the seats! Now, please ask lawyer Carlos to explain to us the "Eastern Covenant" ("Oriental Covenant"
Datong Collection" Italian magic modified version)."
"Datong Collection" began to spread secretly in England a few years ago. After being banned by Cromwell, it spread to France and then to Italy.
With the popularity of "The King of Kings - The Biography of the Great Emperor of China", "The Collection of Datong" was reprinted many times by Venetian booksellers who did not mind the trouble. The scholars in Naples were like a treasure.
Based on the actual situation of the country, continue to revise the "Datong Collection".
Lawyer Carlos stood up and said: "The Eastern Testament is a revolutionary book written by the great Emperor of China. Twenty years ago, China was under the brutal Ming Dynasty.
Under the rule of
His Majesty, the Emperor, led the people's uprising, overthrew the brutal Ming Dynasty, and established the equal, just, and prosperous Datong Dynasty { 19
"In distant China, the emperor is wise and the officials are selfless. Officials are served by highly respected scholars, and any corruption will be severely cracked down on. Every
Children of every family can have the opportunity to study. Every literate people has the opportunity to be an official. The emperor protects the interests of scholars, businessmen, craftsmen, and farmers, even
The beggars have disappeared and everyone is living a happy life in heaven
"According to the description in "The King of Kings - Biography of the Great Emperor of China", shoemakers in Nanjing can even afford to wear silk. Even shoemaker apprentices have received education in reading and writing, and have
With a decent salary and no high taxes
Most of the revolutionaries participating in the party had never read these two books. At this time, their eyes were shining, and their faces were full of yearning and longing. In the distant eastern country, what should it be...
How beautiful, how happy it is to live there. Ren 8
Attorney Carlos continued: "The Eastern Covenant records all the revolutionary thoughts of the Chinese emperor. The Chinese emperor believes that the people are the foundation of the country, and the emperor and officials
It's just a matter of running the country for the people.
"Although we established the Republic of Naples during the last uprising, the four people's leaders before and after them, including the Duke of the Republic, all abandoned the revolution. Therefore, Naples
There cannot be kings, dukes, and leaders of the people, because none of us Neapolitans can be as wise and ruthless as the Chinese emperor. 10]
"The emperor of China is the philosopher king, he is omniscient and omnipotent, he is morally noble, and he has a noble soul. If Naples were close to China, after our uprising,
The Chinese emperor should rule. But we are too far away from China, so we can only choose our own consuls. Each consul cannot be hereditary, he must have a term, and his power is limited by others.
Democratic parliamentary system 21
"Let's talk about another thought of the Chinese emperor. He believed that all people are born equal. Nobles and merchants are equal, merchants and craftsmen are equal, and vendors, fishermen, and farmers are all equal.
You must ask, why can the peasants be equal to the nobles if they are even illiterate and ignorant? The Chinese Emperor Longxia said that people have status and personality. Status is unequal, and there is inequality.
Some people are born aristocrats, and some people are born peasants. But the personalities are indeed equal, and no one is more respectful.
"Personal equality is absolute. The difference between bad people and good people is that bad people have been contaminated and their moral character has become despicable. Therefore, when we establish a republic, we must protect good people
interests, so that more people can become good people. If a government is bad, good people cannot guarantee their interests, and more people will become bad people6
"The Emperor of China said that the interests of all people must be guaranteed. After the establishment of the Republic, we should formulate laws, a law for all people." Ren 8
"In the decadent Ming Dynasty, the worst ones are the nobility and landowners. We must follow the example of the Chinese Emperor and kill all the bad nobility and landowners. Their money will be used for the fiscal expenditure of the Republic. Their land,
used to distribute to poor people
"His Majesty the Emperor of China, at the beginning of the uprising, formulated fair and strict laws. We should also formulate laws. I am a lawyer. Today we all come from various professions.
You can all make suggestions, and I will draft the laws of the Republic, and then we will continue to adjust and modify them.
The people here really can't live any longer.
Their king is the Spanish king concurrently, and a governor is sent to govern. The oppression of the people is only slightly better than that of the colonies. Moreover, there are nobles here, and the people face
double oppression
As for the nobles, they also faced Spanish suppression, and many nobles wanted to make revolution.
With the spread of this "Oriental Testament", with the city of Naples as the center, revolutionary thoughts quickly spread across the country, and there were even revolutionary organizations in Sicily.
More and more small nobles and businessmen condoned or supported the revolution, and some even joined in personally. With the joining of the nobles, the drafted laws of the Republic
Following the revision, the Republic protected the interests of the progressive aristocracy.…
7
The nature of the revolution has obviously changed, from a revolution of the entire people to a revolution of the bourgeoisie and citizens, and the vast peasants of Naples have once again been abandoned. 2 26
At the time of the marriage between Britain and France, the Naples Revolution broke out, known in history as the "Oriental Covenant" Revolution. Ren 5]
This revolution was forced to be launched in advance because the Governor of Naples became vigilant and declared the revolutionaries to be traitors and rebels, and sent out troops to hunt them down.
The revolting people stormed into the governor's palace, hanged the governor, and then opened the prison and released the prisoners.
On the second day of the revolution, the Republic of Naples was proclaimed and the Naples People's Assembly was formed.
mouth
Antonio, the leather shop owner, was elected as the first consul of the Republic. Carlos, the lawyer, was elected as the first speaker. A large number of nobles and businessmen served as members of the parliament.
In essence, they stole the fruits of the revolution.
Immediately, revolutionary riots broke out in major cities in Naples.
Nobles from all over the country formed a republican army, and merchants provided financial support and urgently gathered in the city of Naples because the Spanish army came from Sicily.
Spain did not have many troops stationed in Sicily and was completely defeated by the Naples People's Army. Affected by this, part of the Naples navy rebelled and announced that they would join the Naples Communist Party.
and the country.
The Republic of Naples initially gained a foothold, but the revolutionaries were divided.
The citizen class, represented by craftsmen and traders, contributed a lot in the early days of the revolution, but now they are excluded by the parliament. Representatives from the middle and lower classes should account for one-third of the original parliamentary seats.
Two, but now only one-third is left. The Spanish king is in financial distress and cannot send out a large army for expedition.
The king urgently borrowed money from Genoese merchants for the war, but those Genoese merchants had long distrusted the Spanish royal family, which had gone bankrupt many times. It was not easy to raise part of it.
The military expenditure was still not enough, so the Spanish king turned to Dutch businessmen for loans.
The Dutch businessmen did not borrow money this time. They had been deceived by the bankruptcy of the Spanish royal family several times.
Who can bear it if you default on your debts as soon as you go bankrupt?
As a result, the Spanish king could only raise taxes in the colonies, and Mexico and the Philippines suffered miserably. The local colonial officials even ignored the royal family and intensified their smuggling activities.
money to make up for the losses caused by the king's tax increase.
Spain's suppression of the Naples Revolution will probably take another one to two years before it can form a large army.
At the same time, King Louis XIV of France was also eyeing this place because he also had the right to inherit the King of Naples. The Republic of Naples announced that it would cancel the throne, and this pair
The French king also had influence. Louis XIV even wanted to destroy it and then declared himself King of Naples.
But once he did this, he would inevitably start a war with Spain in the future, and Louis XIV did not dare to act rashly.
The establishment of the Republic of Naples caused a violent response in Italy, and the spread of the "Oriental Covenant" was even faster. A revolution also broke out in Sicily.
