"..... Let's see in which energy level we can capture that particle!"
When Atsushi Suzuki said these words, there was even a hint of sternness on his face.
as if......
A certain gene buried in the bloodline was turned on.
If someone compares the photos of the war criminal Suzuki Norihisa at this time, they will find that the two men have the same ferocious expressions.
It's just that unlike Suzuki Keihisa, today's Suzuki Atsushi can no longer kill people wantonly on this land like his ancestors.
"..."
After Atsushi Suzuki proposed this idea.
The chubby Nima beside him changed his face for a moment, gritted his teeth decisively, and was the first to raise his hand:
"I agree with Mr. Suzuki's idea."
Unlike other big names at the scene, Nima, who is only 42 years old, is in a period of rapid rise in scientific research status.
Moreover, his research field is not purely theoretical like Witten's. He has also made considerable achievements in reductionism in the field of particles.
Many believe he could become the second Leo James Rainwater and bring about huge changes in theoretical physics.
In other words, his research direction is more likely to achieve practical results and win the Nobel Prize than Witten.
However, due to Nima's rather special background, which can be seen from his surname, in order to win the Nobel Prize, in addition to his achievements, he also needs a lot of glorious resume.
This kind of implicit racial discrimination has become more and more common in the scientific research circle in recent years, especially after Comrade Jianguo came to power, he forced many talents back...
This is also the reason why Nima has often appeared in major lectures and press conferences in recent years.
But if there is a problem with the calculation process of 'Pluto' particles today, then there will be a huge stain on Nima's resume.
Although this kind of stain is a bit embarrassing for Higgs, Tehuft and others, it will not affect their status too much. After all, they won the Nobel Prize first.
But for the younger generation like Nima, the negative impact will be very great.
Suppose that in that year, Nima came up with results of similar value to others, and the Nobel Prize was awarded 50-50 to everyone, then this stain would probably directly lead to the tilt of the balance.
because......
This is the home court of the Academy of Sciences.
You can fail in Europe, you can fail in Australia, you can even fail in Africa.
But it cannot fail only in Asia...or to be precise, in China.
So after Atsushi Suzuki proposed the idea of retrieving particles with determined energy levels, Nima was the first to agree.
This is his last chance.
If the energy level data and physical phenomena can support the calculation results of him and several others, then at most it is due to some unoptimized loopholes in the mathematical parameters.
That is, due to some unknown reason, the physical results do not match the mathematical calculations.
This way.
Everyone can end things more calmly—except the Academy of Sciences.
This should be the most ideal outcome, with all parties happy.
But if the physical results support the calculation results of the Academy of Sciences team...
Then this press conference will become the real ascension of the Academy of Sciences.
And Nima and the rest will become the withered bones beneath the long ladder.
Think of this.
Nima's round body trembled a few times subconsciously.
If that's the case, that would be terrible...
While Nima was lost in thought, several other big guys also agreed with Suzuki Atsushi's idea.
Of course.
The reasons for their choices are less realistic than Nima's, and more based on the exploration of the truth - this is not to say how open-minded they are, but because their status is there and they don't need to consider what Nima is worried about.
Those questions.
After reaching a consensus.
Witten walked to the data center and began to calculate the energy level of the particle.
The concept of energy level generally describes the energy generated when particles collide, and the feedback of this value in terms of properties is its quality.
This is easy to see from the units used to describe particles.
The mass of particles is generally measured in MeV, and the magnitude is millions of electron volts, which is read as mega electron volts.
It is a unit of energy and a unit of mass.
For example, when we describe the energy level of a certain particle collision, we use MeV, but when we describe the mass of this particle, we still use MeV.
Just like describing you gentlemen, you can say that you are 180 centimeters tall, or you can say that you are 18 centimeters long.
As for MeV and upwards, it is GeV, which is one billion electron volts.
1GeV is equal to 1000MeV.
As we all know.
Generally speaking, first principles cannot be used to calculate particle mass. It is actually very difficult to predict particle mass theoretically.
But on the other hand.
Since it is difficult, it means that although the probability of this event is very low, it is not zero.
In fact.
Up to now.
Among elementary particles, there are indeed two types of particles whose masses are theoretically predicted.
They are the W and Z bosons.
The entire calculation process was deduced by Weinberg. He converted the vacuum expectation value of the particle and the two weak coupling strengths into two experimentally measurable parameters, the Fermi constant GF, and, and the weak mixing angle. The two particles were finally calculated.
quality.
At present, the previous research has made a breakthrough in the calculation of hadron mass. However, there has never been a more authoritative public opinion on the intrinsic mass, and the controversy is still relatively large.
Considering that the following content involves the concept of energy levels, here is a brief popular science.
In the current particle model, the mass of electrons is 0.551MeV, which is considered a relatively light particle.
Positively charged protons are 938.3MeV and uncharged neutrons are 939.6MeV.
Protons and neutrons are not elementary particles, but are composed of quarks and gluons through strong interactions.
At low energies, protons and neutrons can be regarded as composite particles composed of three component quarks.
A proton has two up quarks and one down quark, and a neutron has one up quark and two down quarks.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! The masses of up quark and down quark are also similar, 3MeV and 5MeV respectively. In some models, they will be increased to 10MeV at most.
Seeing this, some students may feel strange:
its not right.
According to the proportion, quarks only occupy 2% of the mass of protons, and gluons have no mass.
So why do textbooks say that protons are made of quarks?
the reason is simple.
The quark mass here is called the flow quark mass, which is the mass obtained by the quark after the electroweak symmetry is broken.
in strong interactions.
Quarks will do this by acquiring an effective mass that is large compared to the mass of the flow, also called component mass.
The effective mass of the up and down quarks is about 300 MeV. The sum of the three up and down quarks is close to 900 MeV, which is the weight of the neutron and the proton.
If you feel that this concept is a bit mentally taxing...it doesn't matter. It has been several years since the big guys in the physics world accepted this concept.
Rounding things off, you are equivalent to the top guy in the physics world.
Except for quarks.
The masses of muons and tons are 106MeV and 1.78GeV respectively. These two particles can easily decay into electrons and neutrinos.
The mass of the Higgs particle is 125 GeV, and the masses of the electroweakly interacting propagators W and Z are 80 and 91 GeV respectively.
Okay, let’s return our sight to its original position.
all in all.
The Fermi surface data calculated by several previous groups were prepared for this stage.
Therefore, at this step, the calculation process does not require manual intervention.
I saw that Witten entered the data with ease, while Higgs and others assisted in verification.
".....The width of the QT state is less than 2MeV...."
".....The summation rule of the internal quark distribution function is the summation rule ∫01dx[u(x)?uˉ(x)]=2....."
".....Flow quality upper order coefficient 0.888...."
"Quick, quack, quack..."
The Aurora system's calculation algorithm for particle mass is the same as Weinberg's, that is, a model is constructed through Fermi surface data, and then the mathematical values are corrected into specific results.
Take building a house as an example.
The Fermi surface data calculated by Xu Yun and others before was equivalent to cement, and now the Aurora system is equivalent to a bricklayer.
The job of a bricklayer is to build a house out of cement and bricks, and the final shape of the house is the mass of the particles.
Note, theoretical quality.
At this moment.
With the discovery of the turning point, the original criticism of Xu Yun... or the Academy of Science team on major platforms has also become much smaller.
Of course.
This is only a temporary situation. Once the experiment proves that Suzuki Atsushi and his data are correct, these trolls will start a carnival again.
Didi didi——
five minutes later.
The calculated particle masses of the other eight groups except the Academy of Sciences group were displayed on the data terminal:
【11.4514GeV】.
This is a quite satisfactory value, neither too high nor too low.
There are probably more than 300 existing subatomic particles, and there are many that are heavier or lighter than it.
Although the mass of a particle is not directly related to the existence of the particle, a satisfactory number is obviously more reassuring.
Then Witten entered the data from the Academy of Sciences group.
This time.
The calculation time of the Aurora system is slightly longer.
It took more than ten minutes for it to display the result:
【923.8GeV】.
After the data appears.
The scene was silent for a few seconds, and then there was a buzzing whisper again.
When Suzuki Atsushi, who was standing in the front row, saw this, he couldn't help but burst into laughter:
"923.8GeV....Hahaha...Koumenase, Koumenase..."
Although Nima beside him didn't show any obvious expression, his expression was obviously relaxed.
True.
After calculating the corresponding particle energy level, experimental capture is needed to determine the authenticity of the value.
But on the other hand.
As said above,
Although it is currently difficult for the physics community to perform specific mass calculations, it is much easier to locate the range of particles.
For example, the Higgs particle.
Before the Higgs particle was officially captured, the physics community roughly deduced its mass range:
The lower limit is 117.4GeV and the upper limit is 132.6GeV.
Therefore, a particle... even if it is an undiscovered particle, must abide by basic rules in terms of certain properties.
The heaviest particle so far was discovered in 2019. A top quark with a weight of 173.1±2.1 GeV was discovered in a collision recorded by the ATLAS detector.
This is also the heaviest particle ever produced.
Therefore, a particle with a mass exceeding 300... or even reaching 923.8 GeV is really challenging the existing understanding of physics.
at the same time.
Looking at this huge number on the screen, Carlo Rubbia, the head of CERN in the fourth row of the press conference, suddenly twitched his facial muscles.
This number vaguely reminded him of some not-so-good memories...
