The cold winter wind howls south from Siberia, accumulates again on the Mongolian Plateau, and will continue to sweep across the northern land after gaining momentum. At this time, the grassland beside the Tula River is withered and yellow, and the biting north wind is carrying biting ice, bringing the city inside and outside Kulun.
The wind made the crowds desolate. On both sides of the narrow, winding, dirty and muddy roads in the city, there was nothing but rows of rustling wind horse flags and prayer wheels blown by the wind.
Kulun, called "Bogda Kulun" in Mongolian, means Bogda's residential area. Originally it did not refer to a fixed location, as long as it was the location of the mobile temple of "Jebzundamba Hutuktu"
The land can be called Coulomb.
In the 22nd year of Qianlong's reign, the second Jebtsundamba Hutuktu passed away shortly after arriving at the banks of the Tula River, and never moved again. From then on, this pasture located on the upper reaches of the Selenge River and on the north bank of the Tula River became
to the city of Cullen.
There are many monks in the place where the Living Buddha resides, and Mongolians from all tribes come here to worship in an endless stream. Later, craftsmen and businessmen continue to gather, turning the agricultural and animal husbandry products that were originally just natural economic conditions into commodities. And temple fairs
The emergence of the market also made Kulun the city with the largest population in Mongolia in the middle and early Qing Dynasty, with more than 30,000 residents.
In addition, Uliasutai, Dolonnoor, and Guihua City were also large towns with a population of more than 10,000 people in Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty.
However, Cullen is more like a large town than a city. It is not a city in the strict sense. Decades of development have made the entire city look like a large settlement composed of three fortresses.
The garrison city where the government office is located is called "Urban Kulun", and the "Temple Kulun" consists of temples and courtyards. In addition, there are trading cities with many merchants, all of which are surrounded by high wooden fences. The Mongols
Their nomadic habits make them continue to live in yurts even if they settle in cities.
At dusk, as the wind gradually decreased, the flow of people on the streets and in the city began to increase. Suddenly, as the ringing of horse bells got closer and closer, a fast horse carrying a messenger rolled up the black and icy soil,
Rush into the city from the north post road and go straight to the wooden fence gate of the garrison city.
The clanking of the horse bells woke up the soldiers on duty inside and outside the gate. However, when they saw the messenger in livery and wrapped tightly on the horse, no one dared to stop him and allowed him to go straight into the garrison city.
The minister stopped in front of the government office. After the soldiers at the door checked the other party's badge and security, they accepted the letter and package handed over by the other party and quickly sent it into the palace.
In the warm spring-like study room, the thirty-eight-year-old Cullen Minister of Affairs Songyun was writing a memorial at his desk. When he had almost finished typing the draft, checked that it was correct, and was about to copy it into the notebook, he heard Goshad say outside the door.
: "Sir, urgent report from Kyaktu."
Songyun put down the pen, rubbed his swollen temples, and said in a deep voice: "Bring it in."
After Ghoshha put the wooden box containing the official letter on the table and stepped back, he took out the document inside and read it. This official document was written by Dai Peng, the garrison officer of Kyaktu Trading City, and the Secretary of the Lifan Academy.
Official Wu Yi sent it jointly, but Song Yun only read half of it, and his face began to become solemn. When he finished reading the entire submission, a few large beads of sweat emerged from his forehead and dripped down his cheeks.
.
In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong's reign, a certain Kulun businessman was robbed by the Buryat people belonging to Tsarist Russia while selling goods on the Sino-Russian border. The then Kulun Minister Lebao sent people to investigate the criminals based on the victim's report.
Notify the Russian side to assist in arresting the thief. After the Russian side captured the thief, they sent people to escort him to Kyaktu. After a joint trial by both parties, the criminals were sentenced to pay ten times the goods to the victim.
However, before the case was finally concluded, the officer sent by the Russian side to escort the prisoner violated the relevant provisions of the Kyaktu Treaty and sentenced the prisoner to flogging without authorization, and then exiled him to Siberia.
This made Qianlong angry. In order to punish Russia for violating the "Kyakhta Treaty" and disrespecting the sovereignty of the Qing court in this case, Qianlong issued an order to interrupt the Kyakhta trade.
In order to resolve the dispute as soon as possible, in the fiftieth year of Qianlong's reign, cabinet bachelor Song Yun was sent to handle negotiations. The reason why Qianlong chose Song Fei, who was only 34 years old, to take on this important task was firstly that his ability was appreciated. Secondly, Songyun was from a decent background.
Blue Flag Mongolia is proficient in Manchu and Mongolian, and also has a high level of Chinese, and is fully capable.
However, the unexpected appearance of Beihai Town led to Tsarist Russia's invasion of Heilongjiang, which disrupted Songyun's hard work in the three years since he took office. Not only did the Qing-Russian trade not reopen, the Russians even failed to reopen Irkutz
The Kedou was lost, and a group of rebel thieves actually became targets of border trade.
Songyun is so useless at negotiating. It is impossible for the imperial court to open its doors to do business with Beihai Town.
Therefore, his main task in the past two years was to ban border smuggling, cooperate with General Ulyasutai, supervise the military preparations of the Tushetu Khan and the Chechen Khan, and at the same time closely monitor whether anyone in the two departments had illicit connections with the Northern Navy.
"One hundred thousand against ten thousand, and they were defeated again. What a bunch of losers." After muttering a few words to himself, Songyun called Geshiha outside the door to come in, and said in a deep voice: "Take my invitation to invite Kagashi.
Vice General Erkha came to the Yamen Office to discuss urgent military matters!"
"嗻!"
The deputy general of Khalkha that Songyun mentioned is the king of Khalkha Zasakdoro, Borzijit Chedendorzi. As the deputy general of Khalkha, his main responsibility is to guard Kulun
, managed the temple servants of Hutuktu - that is, the upper-class lamas of Mongolia and the subjects of the temple, and assisted Songyun in handling border affairs with Tsarist Russia.
More than an hour later, Chedeng Dorji arrived. Songyun had already changed his clothes in advance and had been waiting at the gate for a long time. Seeing the chubby prince getting off the carriage with his servants serving him, Songyun hurriedly stepped forward to salute.
This chapter is not finished yet, please click on the next page to continue reading the exciting content! "I will pay my respects to the prince!"
Although Songyun was a first-rank imperial minister, Chedendorji was not only a county king, but also had a distinguished status. The fifty-eight-year-old Tushetu Khan was also the twenty-fifth grandson of Genghis Khan.
Cheden Dorji didn't dare to show off in front of Songyun, who was an imperial envoy no matter what. So he hurriedly reached out to help him, and after some humility, the two of them entered the office and sat down in the signing room.
After the servants had served tea, Chedendorji said with a smile: "Xiangpu, it's late at night, what's the urgent matter for me?"
Songyun handed the report from Kyaktu to the other party and said solemnly: "Your Majesty, the Russians have been defeated again this time. This is an urgent report from the spies we deployed among the Buryats to the Trading City.
.”
"Ah!" Cheden Dorji's expression changed. He took it and read it carefully. Cold sweat broke out on his back. He felt that he was sorry for not listening to Marshal Fu's plan and sending troops without authorization. Otherwise, he would have relied on his few people.
He also wanted to steal chicken, but in the eyes of Bei Haijun, he probably wouldn't even be able to eat a plate of food.
He looked at Song Yun in astonishment and said: "Xiangpu, they are one hundred thousand people! In just one day... one hundred thousand pigs cannot be defeated so fast! Those Rakshasa soldiers are all musketeers.
ah!"
Songyun was silent, thinking not to mention muskets. The pirates in the North Sea used rapid-fire rifles, which could fire several shots in an instant. That cannon could really destroy dozens of miles with one shot. How many hundreds of thousands of troops of the imperial court were there?
They were all beaten to a pulp every time and had no power to fight back, let alone a mere 100,000 Rakshasa soldiers.
He frowned and said worriedly: "Your Majesty, I, Song Xiangpu, as a minister appointed by the emperor, have the responsibility to defend the land. Even if Kulun City falls, I will die to repay the king's kindness at most. But there are tens of thousands of people in the city.
Why should the surname be deserved? Why should the hundreds of thousands of people of Chechen Khan and Tuxedu Khan be deserved?"
"Xiangpu, why are you like this?" Chedendorji was silent for a while, and then explained: "It's winter now. Even if the North Sea Pirates defeat Rakshasa, they can't brave the cold to attack Kulun City. In my opinion,
Rakshasa is also a country thousands of miles away, how can we swallow this breath? Zhao Ni has poked a hornet's nest this time and asked them to fight Rakshasa to the death. You and I just sit firmly on the Diaoyutai and strictly guard the border."
In fact, this Tuxie Tuhan was scared to death, but he was cunning and cunning, and pretended to be as stable as a mountain on the surface.
At present, the total strength of the Tushetu Khan tribe is 7,800, and there is no more troops to be recruited; even if the Chechen Khan tribe next door is added, the full force is only 14,000 troops. The North Sea pirates used it to defeat 100,000 Rakshasa soldiers.
One day, the person you are is gone in the blink of an eye?
Songyun said: "Your Majesty, let alone the other three tribes, can Tuxie Tuhan tribe recruit another 10,000 troops?"
Cheden Dorji trembled in his heart when he heard this, and sighed: "Ten thousand people at most is the limit."
When Songyun heard that he could only recruit more than 2,000 people, he thought to himself that this was not enough, and then sighed in distress.
Speaking of the Qing Dynasty's management of the Khalkha Mongolia by the Manchus, various rumors were flying in the sky in another time and space. For example, what about reducing Ding and letting Mongolian families send male men as lamas? What they said seemed to be true. A certain
The author of novels set in the Cao Mansion often made serious claims about the Qing Dynasty's reduction of the Mongols.
Bah! That’s pure nonsense!
According to records stored in the palace of Zasak Tuhan, starting from the Kangxi period, the Qing government set up banner commanders in Mongolia, each with 150 archers, of which 50 were active soldiers and 100 were reserve soldiers. Less than 150 soldiers were called
Yu Ding or Ban Zuo. From the middle of the Qing Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the total number of the four tribes of Khalkha remained at about 140, and the total number of archers was about 21,000. As a military organization, the Zhasak Banner became the Qing government's military service system in the area.
, the basis for recruiting archers and apportioning servants is based on the number of bannermen and archers.
Historically, the Manchu and Qing dynasties had few garrison troops in Mobei, and all border defense tasks were completed by the four Khalkha and Mongolian tribes. The four tribes were responsible for a wide range of court services. In addition to wartime expeditions, they also had to undertake post and military duties in peacetime.
Various tasks such as Taiwan, Karen, border patrol, official animal husbandry, and farming, etc., and various miscellaneous services in the court or local military and political agencies in Uliasutai, Khovd, Kulun, Kyaktu and other places. At the same time,
, they also had to provide some of the camels and horses, food livestock, felt bags and other physical goods needed by the Qing government around Mobei, or exchange them for silver and distribute them. They even had to be sent by the Qing government to other areas outside Mobei.
Responsible for various errands.
Because alliance leaders who failed to complete their duties would be punished by the Qing court, and even be deposed and inherit the title, the four tribes often recruited the children of archers and temple servants to work as errands.
It is true that the four tribes of Khalkhatu Shetu Khan, Zhasak Tu Khan, Chechen Khan and Sanyinnuoyan guarded the northern border for the Manchu Qing Dynasty and shouldered all kinds of heavy errands. They were severely squeezed by the Qing court. The bottom of the Mongolian tribes
The people are also very poor, but unless the Manchu Qing Dynasty no longer wants the territory of Mobei, why are they going crazy and reducing Ding?!
Furthermore, the Manchu and Qing Dynasties had strict restrictions on the number of monks who could become monks in the four tribes of Khalkha and Mongolia. If there were not enough adult males in each tribe, they would not be able to complete the heavy service tasks of the Qing court. That is to say, in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing court
The control over Mobei was almost lost, which led to a sharp increase in the number of monks in the monastery.
The situation in which a family with many children chooses one son to inherit the family business and the rest to become monks is because the Mongolians later became poor and could not survive, so they could only become monks to seek food and clothing.
According to the records in the "Zhasak Yamen Archives of Khalkha Right Banner", during the Qianlong period, the entire Khalkha Right Banner only issued no more than 500 ultimatums, and there were another 900 temple quotas.
You must know that ancient Mongolian and Tibetan monasteries were also a wealthy class. The upper-class lamas ate and occupied more, and they were no worse than those princes and nobles. Take Bailing Temple as an example, the number of livestock during the Guangxu period reached 50,000 at its peak.
More than half of the herdsmen in Khalkha tend their cattle for the temple.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! The means of reducing Ding were a matter of the Jin Dynasty, so don’t be ridiculous. The lies fabricated by the Japanese and Russians in order to cause the split have been passed down from generation to generation.
A generation ago, and the hearsay records of General Feng are often used as serious historical materials. It’s really ridiculous!
An imperial envoy and a prince sat in Chou City for a long time to discuss, but in the end there was no result. When Cheden Dorji saw that it was getting late, he stood up and left. However, when he returned home, he brought his son Eyiduobu to his house.
Dorzi was called over.
"Amma, what's the matter with your son?" Eyiduob Dorzi was smoking a cigarette in the house and was enjoying his drink. When he was suddenly summoned by his father, he felt unhappy.
Looking at his son, whose face was red from drinking, Chedendorji first backed away, then asked his cronies to watch outside the yurt, and then asked: "How many cigarettes did you bring back this time?"
"One hundred boxes."
Chedendorji thought about it in his mind and realized that one box was five hundred boxes. Based on the calculation that four boxes could earn one sheep, this trip would be tens of thousands of sheep. It was really a good deal with huge profits.
"Tell Jiang Bu to go back and make more friends with them. Except for people, you can sell them cattle, sheep and horses."
"Ma?" Eryiduobu Dorji's eyes widened and he said worriedly: "If Songyun finds out about this, it will be a big trouble!"
There was a trace of disdain on the corner of Chedendorji's mouth, and he waved his son to come closer, and whispered: "What do you know! To tell you the truth, Rakshasa was defeated again this time, and he lost a hundred thousand people!"
"Ah! What about us?"
"You remember my words, the imperial court can't defeat those people at all, and the change of dynasty will only take a year or two. If you want us Mongolians to block the bullets for them, don't dream!"