There is a characteristic of Chinese culture, just like the Tai Chi yin and yang fish, they can always see the pros and cons of one thing. The Han people often say that "things depend on man-made things" and "man can conquer nature". But at the same time, the Han people also have a saying called "planning things depends on people"
Everything depends on God", or "It's hard to disobey the destiny of heaven".
Nurhachi insisted that "things depend on man-made things", and what he probably thought in his mind was that "man can conquer nature". However, in the original history, when he stood up for himself and rebelled against the Ming Dynasty, he regarded himself as a "man-made man". It can be seen that no matter who he is, as his identity changes, his thoughts
, the position, etc. will also change accordingly. Later generations said that the dragon slayer will eventually become the evil dragon, which is generally the truth.
But at this time, Nurhachi was far from being called a dragon, and he was not even a dragon slayer. He was just a mere "captain" who was trembling under the dragon's power and trying every means to grow insignificantly. If it weren't for the Jianzhou soldiers,
He is capable of fighting, and even among the captive chiefs he is not ranked very high.
Fifty thousand people, how capable they are!
How did Nurhachi gather enough population in the original history? There are two keys: First, the victory of the Jurchen Unification War allowed Nurhaci to bring all the Jurchen tribes’ populations under his command. At that time, the total Jurchen population was about 870,000. Although
Some were lost during the unification war, but there should be 600,000 left.
The second is that the Ming Dynasty itself sent a large number of Jurchens to the population. The key to this matter is the so-called "Gaohuai Rebellion against the Liao Dynasty" incident in history. At that time, Li Chengliang went to suppress the Liao Dynasty for the second time, and due to the huge losses of the three major conquests of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yijun began to send private troops everywhere
The mining tax eunuch, Gao Huai, was the one who was sent to Liaodong.
This person was tyrannizing and wreaking havoc in Liaodong, but Li Chengliang not only did not stop him, but also collaborated with Gao Huai. In the end, a large number of Han people in Liaodong had no choice but to seek refuge with the Jurchens, especially Jianzhou. How many? At that time, Nurhachi established the capital as a vassal city.
"Outside the city, Han men and women came and went, half as many as Hu" - Han people accounted for half.
During the Huang Taiji period, he paid more attention to the population issue. From his accession to his death, he invaded the mainland of the Ming Dynasty five times in seventeen years. Each time, the main purpose was to plunder the population and property, and even explicitly ordered "not to attack the city.
They only looted villages and forts."
For example, in May of the ninth year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji sent Azige and other troops to go into battle and captured 179,820 people and animals, and captured the general Chao Pichang alive.
In March of the twelfth year of Chongzhen, the Qing army crossed the canal and captured Jinan Prefecture in Shandong Province. They defeated the enemy and captured more than 250,000 people. They returned triumphantly in April.
In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji launched the last entrance battle in his lifetime, and finally reached Yanzhou, Shandong. He defeated three prefectures, eighteen prefectures, and sixty-seven counties, defeated the enemy in thirty-nine places, and won 2,250 gold.
taels, 2,255,270 taels of silver, 369,000 people, cattle, horses, clothing and other items captured.
Therefore, the problem of insufficient Jurchen population has been regarded as a key issue by the Hou Jin Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty high-level officials, and plundering the Han people is one of the very important strategies.
Compared with direct military conquest, Gao Pragmatic hopes to solve the fundamental problem. For example, when it comes to the rule or restraint of the Liaodong Jurchens, Gao Pragmatic has always believed that "you have to be strong to strike with iron". If Liaodong's local strength alone can crush them
Why did the entire Jurchen clan end up like that in history?
Whether it is reforming the saltworks or building an iron factory, these are all efforts to strengthen "equipment" and belong to external forces. The more critical factor is actually internal forces, that is, people. You must know that there are only about a million Han people in Liaodong at the moment.
Nowadays, the Jurchen tribes competing for supremacy can still divide and rule. If the Jurchens are really unified, Liaodong will not have any absolute advantage.
So this time, when Gao Jingjing decided to divide Jianzhou Jurchen into left and right again, he was also considering another more fundamental issue: Is it possible to evacuate the population to Liaodong, which would not only alleviate the land annexation problem in the interior, but also consolidate Liaodong?
own ability to govern?
Before passing the order to Gao Yimin, he had repeatedly considered and demonstrated carefully, believing that it was still possible, but the results might not be as successful as the "breakthrough to Guandong" in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
The first thing to explain is that the basic situation of the Yuan Dynasty that Ming Dynasty took over was full of desolation and hundreds of industries were waiting to be prospered. At that time, the entire northern China was already in a state of war due to the tug of war between the Han and Song Dynasties in the late Yuan Dynasty.
In ruins, even the traditional Central Plains and Han areas such as Shaanxi and Shanxi have become virgin forests, let alone the Liaodong Peninsula thousands of miles away.
As a result, after the initial unification of China, the Ming Dynasty began the last large-scale immigration in the history of Chinese immigration. In a sense, the Hongwu Great Immigration can be regarded as the recolonization of traditional Han areas by the Han people and the
Realized again.
Before the founding of the Ming Dynasty and after the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the Han people behaved really embarrassingly during this period of decline and ebb: they lost Yanyun, lost Henan, lost Hebei, lost Hexi, lost Ningxia, lost Hetao, lost
Vietnam... until the end of the journey to the south, it was still difficult to escape. The flag of the Mongolian army even planted on the island of Java, which was so embarrassing!
In the Northeast, starting from the Western Jin Dynasty in the fourth century AD, the four Korean counties of the Han Dynasty were lost, as well as Liaodong. In addition to the brief military occupation in the early Tang Dynasty, the Andong Protectorate withdrew again and again, and withdrew from Pyongyang.
to Liaodong, and then withdrew from Liaodong to Liaoxi.
In the early years of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the Kaiyuan Dynasty, the hard work of two generations, Taizong and Gaozong, was wasted. Not to mention the achievements of the destruction of Goguryeo were stolen by Silla, Liaodong also became the sphere of influence of the Bohai Kingdom. Later, the Anshi Rebellion, including three towns in Hebei
If the Tang Dynasty cannot be controlled, how can we talk about restoring Liaodong and Jin Ouquan?
Taken together, the above time period shows that the land of Liaodong has been lost to the Han Central Plains Dynasty for more than a thousand years.
When the Ming Dynasty army conquered Yanyun and the land and sea troops once again set foot on Liaodong, their feelings were probably not much different from those of "the Western Regions have been apart for a thousand years, and we have seen each other again in Iraq". And the Ming Dynasty was in
Facing the homeland of the Han and Tang Dynasties, which had been away for more than a thousand years, they began to manage the Northeast without any foundation for governance.
In fact, in the early Ming Dynasty, during the Hongwu period, not only troops were stationed in Liaodong, but also immigrants were immigrated. The immigrants were mainly troops, exiled prisoners, and criminal officials, which were generally similar to the Han and Tang Dynasties' operations in the Western Regions.
However, the situation is very strange. Until the end of Wanli and before Nurhaqi launched his army, the population growth in Liaodong has not been large, and even fell instead of rising in some periods. Gao Pragmatic thinks there are probably the following reasons:
First, the living conditions in Liaodong have been harsh since ancient times. People in the early Ming Dynasty bluntly said that Liaodong was surrounded by enemies on three sides: the Jurchens, North Korea, and Mongolia, so there must be constant wars.
The second is the collapse of the garrison and military garrison system since Xuande. Hereditary officers annexed the garrison fields, drank the blood of the soldiers, and ate empty pay. It has become a common phenomenon for soldiers to flee in large numbers.
Third, the Ming Dynasty withdrew from Daning in the Yongle year and Kaiping in the Xuande year (Gaowu Shi's current Kaiping was withdrawn from Kaiping). After experiencing the Tumubao incident, the Ming Dynasty changed its national defense policy from active defense and even active offense to passive defense. Liaodong
Connection with the Central Plains During the Jiajing period, after the northern Mongolian tribes completely established themselves in Monan, the only road access was the Liaoxi Corridor. Liaodong lost its barrier and indirectly became an isolated land. Furthermore, due to the construction of the concave-shaped border wall in Liaodong, its strategic space
He was also locked up on the peninsula.
Fourth, until the end of the Ming Dynasty, even in the powerful Hongxuan era, Mongolia could not truly rule like the Qing Dynasty. The two sides have always been in a relationship of war and peace, and an inseparable relationship. As a result, Liaodong has wars and is restless every year.
Fifth, after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, Liaodong was completely positioned as a buffer zone for the capital to absorb damage, which aggravated the situation in Liaodong, the site of the Fourth Battle.
Returning to Liaodong in the early Ming Dynasty, the environment in Liaodong in the early Ming Dynasty was explained above. It was surrounded by enemies on three sides, including the Jurchens, North Korea, and Mongolia. None of them was a fuel-efficient lamp. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty's management of the Northeast at that time was also directed at these three enemies.
During the Hongwu period, Zhu Yuanzhang once planned to reset the Liaoyang Province of the Yuan Dynasty and directly control the Northeast. However, with the succession of Zhaozong of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, he not only united with the northwest Yuan Dynasty princes, but also united with Wang Baobao's tribe to gain a firm foothold in Mobei.
They were engaged in small and medium-sized wars with the Ming Dynasty in Monan, including tearing down towers; in the northeast, Naha, which belonged to the Northern Yuan Dynasty, sent out 200,000 troops to attack Ming Liaodong.
In this regard, after Zhu Yuanzhang consolidated and developed the Ming Dynasty's national defense in the north, strengthened the country's defenses, and immigrated through the five northern provinces to recuperate and recover, he continued to send generals to the Northern Yuan Dynasty to carry out the war to clear the desert.
.
Of course, Zhu Yuanzhang never gave up his efforts for a peaceful solution. However, after Yuan Zhaozong refused to coexist peacefully with the Ming Dynasty, there was only one way to solve the problem by force. In the end, after the great victory at Lanyuyuerhai, the Beiyuan Center was completely defeated, and Tian
Emperor Tuogu Si Timur of the Yuan Dynasty was killed during his escape, and the Northern Yuan Dynasty collapsed and split.
Prior to this, the Ming army also surrendered Nahachu through the Battle of Jinshan, and at the same time achieved certain results in recruiting the Ulliangha tribe. By setting up three guards, it became a barrier to Liaodong.
In fact, at this time, the Ming Dynasty only had a few large strongholds and sporadic fortresses in the north. The complete implementation of the nine-sided system in later generations had to wait until the Jiajing period. At the same time, the Ming Great Wall was initially completed during the Jiajing period. This is the situation in Mongolia.
While Zhu Yuanzhang was committed to solving the Mongolian issue, the dispute between Ming Dynasty and North Korea in Northeast Asia became increasingly fierce. In the late fourteenth century, with the uprising of the Red Turban Army at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Korean peninsula took advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains to get rid of the control of the Yuan Dynasty.
Actively promoting the policy of advancing northward, the northern boundary of Goryeo was extended from the Datong River to the coast of the Yalu River.
By the time the Ming Dynasty marched into Liaodong, Goryeo had not only established a stable rule along the Yalu River, but also began to recruit the Jurchen tribe across the Yalu River. When the Ming Dynasty was about to set up a garrison in the former Yuan Dynasty's hometown in the northern part of the peninsula, in order to consolidate its achievements, Goryeo
He even intervened in Liaodong affairs and did not hesitate to start a war.
At this time, Goryeo general Yi Chenggui launched a coup during the march, seized the power of Goryeo, and later directly established North Korea. However, the new North Korean regime inherited the northward policy of the Goryeo era, including its coveting of the Northeast region.
What should be noted here is that North Korea at that time was not the so-called harmless little China during the Wanli aid period. At that time, it was even called the small overlord of Northeast Asia, posing a fatal threat to Liaodong.
Facing the new North Korean regime, Zhu Yuanzhang did several smart things. First of all, he never gave North Korea a formal title because of the righteousness of the suzerainty. In the end, Hongwu I did not formally canonize Li Chenggui, and only gave him a "right to know the Korean affairs."
——In name, Li Chenggui was still a temporary worker and a usurper of power. His reputation was not justified, which led to the embarrassing situation during the founding of North Korea.
Secondly, Zhu Yuanzhang used the tribute trade under the vassal system to conduct unequal trade with North Korea's war horse resources left in the Yuan Dynasty, either by bartering, or by forcing North Korea to pay tribute to the horses and plundering North Korea's war horses.
Since the Ming Dynasty was in an absolutely dominant position in the trade between the two sides and monopolized the pricing and trading methods of war horses, after a long period of unequal trade, the quality and quantity of Korean war horses declined significantly, and they could never restore the grandeur of the early Joseon period. This was originally
This has been discussed earlier in the book, so I won’t repeat the details here.
Thirdly, Zhu Yuanzhang imposed a technical blockade on North Korea and blocked strategic resources as much as possible. For example, gunpowder formula, cannon-making technology, and beef tendons needed for North Korean crossbows were either restricted or not provided. In short, he did everything possible to use non-war means.
Means to weaken and restrict North Korea. This is the situation in North Korea.
So what about the situation with the Jurchens? Zhu Yuanzhang had carried out recruitment work in the Jurchen area, but since the Hongwu period mainly targeted Mongolia and North Korea, the large-scale recruitment of the Jurchens was limited to the Yongle period. During the Hongwu period, the recruitment of the Jurchen areas was not as good as that on the peninsula.
The North Korean regime, but it was also because of the long-term weakening of North Korea during the Hongwu period that North Korea stopped on the south bank of the Yalu River and no longer had the strength to enter the northeast.
This chapter is not over yet, please click on the next page to continue reading! Around the late Hongwu period, the Ming Dynasty basically solved the Mongolian harassment in the Northeast, and achieved extraordinary results in weakening the Korean military, and the work of recruiting and uniting the Jurchens began to be implemented.
On this issue, Zhu Yuanzhang basically did what each generation did, which was far better than his economic work. During the Yongle period, the Ming Dynasty established the Slave Gandu Division in the Jurchen area, carried out large-scale recruitment work, and basically solved the problem of Jurchen
To solve the problem, Mongolia gave up the policy of using both the solid soil guard station and the Jisi guard station in Monan during the Hongwu period, and fully implemented the Jisi virtual soil, and went out of Mobei five times and plowed the imperial court three times, continuing Hongwu's active offensive trend.
Then they reconnected with the three Uuliangha guards who had lost contact due to the Jingnan Campaign. In addition to adhering to the technical blockade, material restrictions, horse purchases and other necessary measures against North Korea during the Hongwu period, they also gave up the area south of the Yalu River that was disputed with North Korea and concentrated on business.
Jurchen region.
This period could have been regarded as the golden period of large-scale immigration to Liaodong, but the Ming Dynasty during the Yongle period was very similar to the Gaozong period of the early Tang Dynasty. By inheriting the hard work of the previous dynasty, adhering to the vassal world view with Chinese characteristics, focusing on restraint,
Supplemented by powerful military strikes and economic control, it has expanded its territory and sphere of influence to the extreme.
However, similar to the collapse of the military system in the early Tang Dynasty, the garrison system collapsed in the early Ming Dynasty, and most areas either actually gave up or put it on hold. At the same time, they also faced population shortages. The Guanhai area, such as the Yunnan-Guizhou area, and the Huguang area were not yet saturated, nor were they too large.
Put more effort into putting Liaodong first.
The dilemma of Yongle immigration in the early Ming Dynasty was that, first, the Jingnan Campaign took away the military strength in Monan during the Hongwu period, and the Daning Dusi existed in name only in the early Yongle period and simply moved inland. Even the Mongolian tribes did not dare to go south because of the strong military threat in the early Ming Dynasty.
Stabilizing nomadism creates a vacuum area, but also leaves no base for protection and support during the migration process.
From the middle and late Ming Dynasty to the Wanli era, the main dilemma was opposite to that in the early Ming Dynasty. There was a sufficient population, but the state's executive power declined, and the guard system collapsed. The strength of Ji Liao Xuan's border army was worse than that at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China.
There is a significant decline. Defending the territory is just okay, but expanding the border is basically a dream.
Especially during the Wanli period, the Three Great Conquests were fought. Although they won, they almost lost their fortune in the end. If they thought about expansion, they no longer had such power.
However, the emergence of Gao Pragmatic changed this situation and made him feel that he had a foundation of strength to immigrate to Liaodong.
First of all, half of the Mongolian problem has been solved, and the other half will most likely be solved in three or four years. Secondly, the Korean problem no longer exists. At this time, North Korea is already weak and will wait for the Japanese to plow through it in a few years.
Needless to say, it is very likely that the Ming Dynasty will take whatever it says and completely degenerate into a childish regime.
The only problem left was the Jurchens, but it was only the sixteenth year of Wanli, not the forty-sixth year of Wanli. Nurhachi was still early to rise, and even under the suppression and differentiation of his superiors, he was likely to lose the opportunity to rise.
The problem of foreign enemies is not serious.
Liaodong now has corn, tussah, cotton, coal-fired kang, sea salt, iron works, Hokkaido rice, etc., as well as highly pragmatic and advanced servants and armed forces and Xuanda elites. It can be said that except for the population itself, other conditions are basically in place.
, we can just wait for the immigrants to arrive and enrich the local area in Liaodong.
This is also one of the important reasons why we must stabilize the Liaodong border and refrain from fighting at this stage. If there are any problems, it is probably that the imperial court has not yet formed this idea, let alone issued a policy.
The only good news is probably that Gao Jingshi is the Minister of Household Affairs of the Ming Dynasty. After years of hard indoctrination, Zhu Yijun also felt that there was something wrong with the Ming court doing nothing for disaster relief. Now whenever a disaster occurs, he will ask the Ministry of Household Affairs to see if there is anything.
There are ways to think of it.
The victims in the disaster area are the best immigrants that Gao Pragmatic can think of. The Little Ice Age caused disasters from north to south. Moving the victims from the north to Liaodong first can relieve the pressure on the disaster-stricken areas and enrich Liaodong. It can be said to be the best of both worlds.
To put it bluntly, the difficulty is probably how to transport the victims and resettle them properly. However, this matter is pragmatic and there are ways to do it. Jinghua’s water transportation capacity can obviously be used, and the Liaohe Hetao area recovered after the Battle of Liaonan is obviously the best
The resettlement place is also the Liaohe Plain.
Gao Yimin looked at Cao Yun, who had just been chatting with him, and thought to himself: I want to use Cao Yun's achievements in dividing Jianzhou to pull Li Chengliang down, push Cao Yun to the position of commander-in-chief of Liaodong, and then colonize the Liaohe Hetao Plain.
But I don’t know whether Nurhachi in Hetuala City intends to resist stubbornly, or choose to "surrender and lose half"?
While I was thinking about it, I suddenly heard a messenger coming from outside to report: "Report - Commander-in-Chief, the Second Captive Chief, Beleshurhaqi, has sent an envoy to pay homage!"
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