This time, the four people were really startled. If this was said from any official, it would be regarded as a great recklessness, because the monarch had absolute power. .) Even if Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, and Wang Fu's thoughts achieved the highest peak of China in this era, even if they all contained certain democratic thoughts, they were afraid that their thoughts had proposed some criticisms of the imperial power in the imperial power. , But there is absolutely no restriction of the imperial power, the meaning of overhead the emperor.
In another time and space, Huang Zongxi, who has the most criticism of the imperial power, is also the restrictions on the imperial power. "At this point, there is not much difference with the past thinkers. To put it bluntly, it is still the hope of controlling the emperor's self -consciousness.
However, these words are completely different from Shang Yi, so a few people were a little overwhelmed, and they were panicked, and they were surprised. There were some expectations, and no one dared to pick up. The whole hall was quiet.
Of course, Shang Yi also knew that China, which restricted the imperial power in this era, is definitely a shocking, and does not expect them to accept and digest immediately, and then said: "Several gentlemen are talented and familiar with people who are well -known. It should be known that since the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, for more than 4,000 years, I have replaced China after the 22nd dynasties.
Of course, he did not expect a few people to say the answer that he was satisfied with, and said: "You may be able to think of many reasons, but the most important point is that the monarch is infinite. Limit, because he can be the private property of his country and the people for his own people who are alone. If you meet Mingjun, Xianjun, you may still be restrained, but if you are faint, Yongjun will do whatever he wants. I think that the rights of the world are all out of me. I am all of my own advantages, and I am indispensable for the harm of the world. The big private is the Grand Duke of the world. So the liver and brain of the world is slaughtered, and the bone marrow of the world is tapped, and the industry of me alone, as a person who is alone, is deemed to be it. "
Huang Zongxi's face changed slightly, because Shang Yi said the last few words, which is quite similar to the book that he is writing, but this book is only the first draft, which has not been completed, and he has read it. He has read it. There are very few people. Although he does not know that Shang Yi quoted the original words in Mingyi to be visited, but only made some changes, but it did trigger some resonance, so he finally said: "The king thought it was going on like this. Can the division of three powers and the princes can solve these problems? If the virtual monarch is divided into three standing, but as the king just said, the emperor still has national policies, resolutions, laws, war, and appointment at all levels. Isn't the power of officials contradicting each other? "
Shang Yi nodded and laughed: "So the highest is the emperor, but ..." Saying, he took out another card and put it in the highest position in the middle of all cards. . ""
Huang Zongxi froze for a moment, and said: "Constitution?"
Shang Yi said: "The Constitution is different from the laws of the previous dynasties, but the overall confirmation of the basic principles of the national system, organization, and official rights at all levels. It is necessary to move within the scope permitted by the Constitution, including the emperor, that is, those power belongs to the emperor, those power belongs to Congress, and those power returns to the cabinet will clearly specify in the constitution. Therefore The constitutional constraint cannot exceed the scope of the Constitution. In ancient times, it was said that the prince was committed to the law and sin with the people, so now it is the emperor's illegal, and it must be sin with the people. system."
Several people looked at Shang Yi, and looked at a few cards on the table. The judicial or everything is within this scope. Everyone is playing in accordance with the rules of the game. In fact, the rules of game rules that are in the same situation will be formulated. Basically, there will be no big problems. But only the emperor is a person who is not restricted by the rules, and is often unwilling to play according to the rules of the game. Therefore, after this rule is destroyed, it is when a dynasty dies.
And Shang Yi means to incorporate the emperor into this rule. In theory, no one can destroy the rules, so everyone can play it for a long time. However There are too many things to accept, so a few people can't digest at once, and there are still some dizziness in their minds. Of course, this is also Shang Yi and everyone discussed the future national system and political system. Yes, let them go back and think about it.
Later, Shang Yi said: "But these are our ultimate goals. At the beginning of the establishment of the new dynasty, the emperor still retained the actual greatest power, and the management power of the state, the cabinet, and the judiciary. , Cabinet, judicially can fully manage the country, and after formulating a comprehensive constitution, then gradually give up other powers, and do everything according to the constitution. "
What Shang Yi said is also the dual monarchy.
The dual monarchy is generally developed in a late development of capitalism. The feudal landlord class has a long -term great force. It is the process of the feudal system to capitalism. When disintegrated, the power of the bourgeoisie is not enough to completely defeat the feudal forces. The result of the two sides can only compromise with each other. A form of governance of the bourgeoisie and the landlord class.
In the words of textbooks, the weakness of the bourgeoisie can only compromise with the feudal residual forces, which has led to incomplete the revolution and retaining a large number of feudal remnants.
Under this system, the monarch still has considerable real power. Although the state has formulated a constitution, the three powers have also been divided.
A slightly better form is that the monarch and the parliament are divided into regime, the monarch appointed the cabinet, the cabinet is responsible for the monarch, the monarch directly controls the administrative power, while the parliament exercises legislative power and has certain restrictions on the monarch. However, the monarch can be within the scope of the constitution. In the form of veto, change the decision of parliament, and slowly transition to the constitutional constitutionalism of the true monarch.
And some monarchs with great power are still gathered in legislation, administrative, judicial and military power. They are the center of power and the highest actual ruler. Power, also control the parliament through appointment or designated members; the cabinet is an institution that the monarch exercises the administrative power. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch. In essence, it is no different from **.
In the history of German history, the Hohene Soren dynasty from 1871 to 1918 and Japan after the Meiji Restoration was a typical country of the dual monarchy. The monarchy. Three hundred years later, the Reform Movement of China is actually the road to the dual monarchy.
However, these countries that implement the dual monarchy in another time, regardless of the power of the monarch, but the internal composition of the country is dominated by the bourgeoisie, and it can also be regarded as a modern state. In order to maintain and develop capitalist politics and economy, we can maintain their own rule. Therefore, the monarch does not dare to mess with it. Compared with the previous ** system, it is still a great progress.
However, the dual monarchy is a transitional political system, because the dual situation of the monarch and the joint control of the parliament cannot maintain a long time. The contradictions between power, monarchy and parliamentary power cannot be adjusted, and conflicts will occur sooner or later. Therefore, it is difficult for countries to implement dual monarchy.
The German Ho Hengsun dynasty and the Roman Roman Caifu dynasty only maintained for 4050 years, and eventually perished in the First World War and transformed into a republic. Although Japan maintained longer, it was less than 80 years. After World War II, the real constitutional monarchy began. At the time before Shang Yi passed, there were only a few countries after the dual monarchy system was implemented.
For Shang Yi, this monarchy and parliament coexisting the dual monarchy is the best choice at present, because the bourgeoisie of China is still very weak now, and there is no ability to lead a country. The power of power, and only by Shang Yi reserved a considerable power, can ensure that it can be transformed in accordance with their own intentions. Therefore, the implementation of the dual monarch system is a transitional stage. Look at one step. After all, the transformation of society is a huge project. Maybe it takes decades, and it can be completed in hundreds of years.