The higher education system in old China concentrated too many resources in the liberal arts. The number of truly urgently needed science and engineering talents was quite scarce. There was no large-scale modern industry, and the vast majority of engineering students were unemployed after graduation. If they could not go abroad,
When it comes to studying, you either have to change careers, or you have to figure it out on your own.
Moreover, although university fees are not expensive, they are not accessible to ordinary families, especially the peasant families who make up the majority of China. Tuition fees are very expensive and it is difficult to find a job, and it is difficult to be directly proportional to effort and gain. Engineering students, not
For example, liberal arts students who excel in their studies can be employed. If they cannot stay in school or study abroad, it will be difficult to find a satisfactory job, which further limits the number of people studying engineering.
There are a limited number of graduates, and they are mainly employed in light industry, mining, railways, chemical industry, etc., mainly in light industry and transportation. The number of talents urgently needed by heavy industry is very small. Graduates of metallurgy, machinery, power, materials, shipbuilding and other majors
The quantity is extremely scarce.
Not only cannot it meet the needs of large-scale industrial construction carried out in China, but it has also affected China's development for a period of time. These people are the foundation of heavy industry. Without these people, it would be impossible to build heavy industry. Even if industrial equipment is purchased, it will not be possible.
It cannot exert the effect it should have.
Relying solely on masters of the humanities, no matter how prestigious their reputations are or how high their level of knowledge is, cannot really play any role in the construction of the national economy. A rich country and a strong army cannot be separated from industry, and building modern industry is even more inseparable from it.
There is no need to recruit a large number of science and engineering talents.
Those so-called scholars who ask them to study history and literature may have made a lot of achievements. But no matter how brilliant they are, those history, philosophy, and humanities have basically no effect on industrialization. The development of the country is inseparable from these people, but
These people basically play no role in building modern industry and building a real industrial power.
The construction and development of a country can rely on the study of history and natural sciences. What else is there about sociology? Can these things make a country truly prosperous? The answer is obvious. As for the general subject model in the United States and the United Kingdom, although the students trained
The quality is better than the Soviet model. However, given the weak foundation, the speed and quantity of training are far from meeting the needs.
In this case, the Soviet model became the only option. Perhaps the only mistake at the beginning was to reduce the number of comprehensive universities too low. The splitting of several well-known comprehensive universities was too detailed, which hurt the vitality.
, it is quite difficult to recover.
However, given that the entire national education system is weak and the vast majority of the country is illiterate, compressing liberal arts majors and focusing on developing science and engineering majors, especially the most urgently needed engineering majors, has become an inevitable choice. And Yang Zhen definitely does not think that
It was a mistake to nationalize the then church universities.
In an era when college students are more precious than gold, science and engineering students who are most urgently needed for national construction and national defense construction naturally have to take priority. Under this premise, all other disciplines must give way. Because without these talents, there is no way to achieve success.
It is impossible to establish a modern industrial base.
When we returned to this era, when large-scale industrial construction began in the Northeastern base area, Yang Zhen truly understood the difficulties of later founding leaders. On the one hand, the construction of modern industry, especially the urgently needed defense industry, began on a large scale. On the other hand,
There is a huge gap in engineering talents, and the limited talents are far from meeting the needs.
At present, the industrial construction in the base area is not progressing very fast due to restrictions on capital and exports from the United States. The biggest difficulty is that there is a shortage of qualified engineering talents. You can't let a person who studies literature engage in oil exploration.
A person engaged in natural science studies aircraft engine design.
Even the science and engineering graduates mobilized from Guanhai can only barely meet the minimum demand for the time being. Excluding the science personnel engaged in basic research, the number of remaining engineering talents is unbearably low. The dilemma of talents not only limits
The speed of industrial construction has even affected the modernization of the army.
Therefore, when Yang Zhen was selecting international students, he had no choice but to lean in these directions. He placed the most urgently needed engineering subjects as top priority. Metallurgy, chemical industry, geology, and machinery.
, shipbuilding, power and other engineering majors, if you have the same thing, learn the same.
When the books are put to use, they will hate the lack of them, and when the people are put to use, they will also hate the lack of them. Under the goals he has set, Yang Zhen really can't stand the slow training model of domestic universities and the extremely miserable numbers. If he waits for domestic training
According to the model, even if all those college graduates go to the Northeast to work, I am afraid they will not be able to meet one-tenth of the demand.
When selecting international students, he insisted that there was no choice between liberal arts and natural science majors. After getting in touch with the central government, he called the central government directly, hoping that all students studying in the Soviet Union would switch to science and engineering majors instead of studying drama.
, philosophy, natural science and other things that are simply not needed in building a modern national defense undertaking, even if they are students of agriculture.
He does not think that studying these things is a top priority now. Moreover, there are already enough similar departments and students in the universities in Guanhai. The most critical issue now is to solve the problem of talents that are most lacking in industrial construction. What are the remaining ones?
In the future, it will be enough to rely on domestic university training.
However, although he has made a good start, Yang Zhen still believes that the number of overseas students currently sent out is far from meeting the needs. In addition to finding ways to communicate with the Soviet Union, he is also constantly thinking of ways to train himself.
The second secretary of the Northeast Bureau, whose hands were too stretched, took over all educational work except military issues.
The chairman of the Northeast People's Government and the third secretary of the Northeast Bureau who were transferred from the central government almost became his clerk. Education and foreign negotiations were basically handled by him personally, and others could not get involved at all. Although
The commander-in-chief and the chairman didn't say much about his overstepping of authority and arbitrary actions, and they always supported him.
However, the continued huge investment in education has put the party economic expert in charge of industrial construction and finance in Northeast China under great pressure. Even if there are some loans or aid from the Americans at the moment, the first thing to do during the war is to
The huge military expenditures guaranteed have already made the economy of the Northeastern base areas somewhat overwhelmed.
After several bitter battles, although the area currently controlled by the Anti-Japanese Alliance occupies most of the Northeast, the entire southern Manchuria, the essence of the Northeast, is still controlled by the Kwantung Army. The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the economic foundation is weak, mainly agricultural areas.
The government's financial resources are scarce, which is the main situation in the Anti-Japanese League base areas at the moment.
In addition, in Chinese history, even the Westernization Movement could not catch up with the large-scale industrial construction that could almost be described as groundbreaking, and the huge amount of money required. There were also the reconstruction of cities that were destroyed on the battlefield, and the construction of railway lines and highway lines.
Maintenance and airport construction. The Northeast People's Government's finances are running into red deficits almost every year.
If it weren’t for the loan that the United States gives each year, I’m afraid the pot would have been overturned long ago. Now that such a large amount of education expenditures have been added, it is even more stressful. The current annual education expenditures are almost no more than military expenditures.
Too much less. This is still a whole-military supply system. If a salary system were implemented, I am afraid that the Northeast's finances would have gone bankrupt long ago.
Although the chairman has approached Yang Zhen many times, hoping to reduce the number of international students, even temporarily to allow the Northeast economy to take a breather. After the current factories are put into normal operation and the number of inputs is slightly reduced, he wants to
It doesn't matter how much you increase.
But in the end Yang Zhen persuaded him, and instead of reducing the number of international students selected, starting from 2002, the number was quadrupled every year instead of doubling the original number. In Yang Zhen's words,
As long as the Soviets accept it, they will send as many students as possible. No matter what they study, as long as it is science or engineering.
Even in the shipbuilding and marine engine professions that will not be used for a long time, people will have to be sent to study. The Soviets took more than 20 years to achieve industrialization. Although we do not have that capability now, we can do it in the near future.
This will lay the solid foundation for the future national industrialization process.
It is precisely because of the emphasis on education that Yang Zhen attaches great importance to the relocation of Soviet universities to the east. As long as the Soviets agree that these schools will treat Chinese and Soviet students equally when recruiting students, he, the second secretary, will
He firmly supported it, even though he knew clearly how much burden these tens of thousands of Soviet university teachers and students would bring after arriving in Northeast China, and what impact they would have.
But with the support of the central government, Yang Zhen and the veteran Chairman of the Northeast People's Government finally gritted their teeth and agreed. The central government also specially allocated one thousand taels of gold and one hundred thousand silver dollars from northern Shaanxi. And this funding
Almost 70% of the funds raised by the Shandong Military Region for the central government from the Zhaoyuan Gold Mine this year, plus the entire remaining balance from the funds handed over by the central government from the Northeast Bureau.
The central government also transferred all students from the Yan'an Academy of Natural Sciences to the Northeast together with the few teachers. At the same time, it coordinated the selection of students in various base areas. Students who have completed high school studies will be sent to the Northeast as much as possible. Similar students from occupied areas will be sent to the Northeast as much as possible. As long as they can be mobilized
When you come out, you should choose as many as possible to send to the Northeast.
The Soviets were short of supplies at home. In order to reduce the domestic burden so that they could concentrate more supplies for the front line, the Soviets strictly fulfilled the agreement. Even regardless of the burden on China, they overfulfilled the original agreement.
.Of course, in some aspects, they also made certain manipulations.
For example, several universities that moved here in 2003 mainly focus on literature, agriculture, medicine, as well as some engineering and normal subjects.
Most of the science subjects that really engage in basic research are placed at home. In this way, the Soviets not only reduced the burden on the country, but also avoided possible brain drain as much as possible.
But in any case, it also gave Yang Zhen the opportunity to lay eggs. And it was God's wish. Maybe the Soviets believed that their Chinese comrades would not train shipbuilding technicians who were of no use at this time. This time
The only Soviet university that moved all classes to the Northeast happened to be the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute, which specialized in training shipbuilding industry.
After the university moved to the Northeast in 1942, Yang Zhen immediately organized a group of students who had completed Russian language studies to apply for the exam. As a result, during the war years, because everything was guaranteed for the front line, and the Soviet-German war was based on land warfare.
Lord, there has been no enrollment since 2001. Many students from the previous batches have gone to the front lines, and when the seemingly empty college was filled up, the students inside have become mainly Chinese.
There was no way that in the first year of the Anti-Japanese War, 1,200 undergraduate students and more than 90 graduate students were selected. In this way, in addition to the Soviet professors, the students of this Soviet shipbuilding college were Chinese, accounting for 60%
.And basically every student enjoys special education, because the school now has an extremely abundant teaching staff. It can have fifty students and is equipped with two to three professor-level figures to teach.