There are essential differences between these capitalists and national capitalists. First of all, they are business owners who rely on exploitation and hired labor to extract their surplus value. General capitalists are mainly divided into four categories: industrial capitalists, handicraft capitalists, loan capitalists, and commercial capitalists.
kind.
Industrial capitalists are mainly composed of industrial capital. They are directly in opposition to wage workers and are the direct extractors of surplus value. Commercial capitalists, loan capitalists, and manual capitalists are only the last group to participate in the division of surplus value.
people.
In the beginning of the capitalist market, the factories of these capitalists were very small. Industrial capitalists were generally independent or partnership owners, generally taking the form of a front shop and a back workshop. Industrial capitalists not only produced goods, but also sold goods, collecting and extracting surplus.
Value and realized surplus value are integrated into one, and they exclusively possess all the surplus value created by wage workers.
The late Qing Dynasty was also the end of feudal society. With the development of capital production relations, domestic capitalists were completely growing up in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Therefore, two components, the capitalists relying on the bureaucratic system and the national capitalists, were naturally formed internally.
.
National capitalists generally have little connection with foreign capital in their own economic development. Their capital strength is weaker than that of bureaucrats or comprador capitalists, and they can only be regarded as first-tier capital groups.
Li Ningyu's reform had little impact on national capitalist groups, but the power of bureaucrats or comprador capitalists suffered a fatal blow. This major domestic reform cut off all their sources of income and confiscated their original income.
All the land, which forced them to be closely united.
But Li Ningyu had already planned and thought of these situations that would arise. After all, there were lessons learned from history.
However, this matter must be handled in this way, even if you are an executioner once, to serve as a warning to others, because if you want to completely solve the deep-rooted problems in the country, you must use thunderous means, otherwise the incurable disease will rot in the flesh bit by bit.
With the inevitable collapse of the late Qing government in China, Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of revolutionary victory and established himself as emperor, and now the Far East has fully taken over the domestic political power. Everything seems to be happening one after another without interruption, and many capitalists have not had time to change their families.
.
However, even if they join the Far East camp first, Li Ningyu will not accept it, because he does not need it, and the Far East Group does not need it, and has already begun to control the area, launching the implementation policy of bringing power out of the barrel of a gun, the main strikes, and monitoring objects.
Those are the capitalists who once colluded with the bureaucracy.
Because the Far East Group must first stand on the side of the interests of the majority of people before taking any measures. This is also what any regime must do to rise and stabilize.
Resolutely prevent the emergence of the four major families that control politics and control the economic lifeline in the country. Without bureaucratic capitalists, social order can develop freely. At the same time, the original bureaucratic capitalists in the late Qing Dynasty and Yuan Shikai's period can completely withdraw from their monopoly position in the entire national economy.
On the stage, these bureaucratic families, who are making great fortunes from the national crisis while allowing their own bureaucratic capital to rapidly expand, can completely withdraw from history.
In addition to its vast land and abundant resources, the Chinese nation also has a five-thousand-year cultural heritage. Therefore, in addition to bureaucratic capitalists, there are also a group of ethnic businessmen who have worked together to form China's top ten business gangs.
Among them, the Shanxi merchants in Shanxi, the Hui merchants in Huizhou, and the Guangdong merchants in Guangdong (but they are also divided into Guangzhou merchants, Chao merchants, and guest merchants) are the three major business gangs with the most power and the widest influence in the country.
In addition, there are Shaanxi Commercial Gang, Shandong Commercial Gang, Fujian Commercial Gang, Dongting Commercial Gang, Jiangyou Commercial Gang, Longyou Commercial Gang, and Ningbo Commercial Gang.
Although the Chinese nation has a long history, it also has a long feudal history. The Confucian culture that has valued justice over profit for thousands of years and the market mainstream of the agricultural economy have made it difficult for the economy to sprout. However, human society
It has never left the activities of merchants, just like the Netherlands, a country that relied on trade to colonize the world.
The great rise of merchant gangs in the history of the Chinese nation occurred in the Ming and Qing dynasties, so ten major merchant gangs and three major merchant gangs, Shanxi merchants, Hui merchants and Chao merchants, emerged one after another.
However, the main categories of the three major merchant gangs are different. For example, the early Shanxi merchants mainly carried out long-distance trafficking of local specialties such as salt, iron, wheat, cotton, leather, wool, wood, and dry tobacco contained in Shanxi.
Later, in order to facilitate the fellow villagers, they opened shops in various places to sell, and then directly replaced the silk, silk, tea, rice from the Jiangnan area, and then resold it to the northwest, Inner Mongolia and other places. The scope of trafficking and sales activities spread all over the country, thus forming a
A northern business gang group that can compete with the Huizhou business gangs in the south.
Although the history of Shanxi merchants can be traced back to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty BC, it really emerged in the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in the middle and late late Qing Dynasty. Shanxi merchants started financial exchange business in various parts of the country for the convenience of their fellow villagers for a long time, so in
After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Shanxi bank accounts almost monopolized the country's exchange business and became a powerful commercial and financial capital group that dominated finance.
The famous southern Huizhou merchants were originally from Zhejiang, so Huizhou merchants were also called Xin'an merchants. In the early days, Huizhou merchants mainly trafficked salt, tea, and mountain goods. Later, they mostly dealt in the Four Treasures of the Study, so the Four Treasures of the Study were located in the Huizhou area.
The most important point is that Huizhou merchants themselves walked out of the water transport trade route, marched eastward to Suzhou, Hangzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou, controlled the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and went south to Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan, traveling between Beijing, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan
At the same time, in the later period, it also extended its reach to the northwest and eastern provinces. Therefore, during the heyday of Huizhou merchants, they had the reputation of "no business can be done without Huizhou".
The biggest difference between Huizhou merchants and other business gangs is the emphasis on the word "Confucianism".
Compared with Shanxi merchants who only focus on doing business, Huizhou merchants pursue wealth only as a means, seeking fame and becoming a high official is their final destination in their hearts, just like the representative figure of Huizhou merchants, the red-top businessman Hu Xueyan.
Therefore, although Huizhou merchants did great business, they were always half-hearted. In just seventy years from the Qianlong period to the 10th year of Jiaqing, 265 of the children of Huizhou merchants passed the imperial examination and entered the official career, while only 265 of the Shanxi merchants passed the imperial examination.
There are 22 people.
The "official standard" of Hui merchants and the "gold standard" of Shanxi merchants actually have the same sound, because at the end of the 19th century, when capitalism was prevalent, from an economic point of view, it is obvious that a large amount of money was needed at this time.
Only by investing funds in building industries can we achieve the integration of commerce and industry, but Huizhou merchants cannot do it because they no longer have the financial resources to invest in industry.
And why did the glorious "Shanxi merchants" eventually decline?
Among them, Shanxi merchants had three obvious characteristics: first: they provided military pay to the feudal government; second: there was an unusual interdependence between merchants and the feudal government; third: the gradual feudalization of profits.
As a result, although the merchants in Shanxi were very wealthy, they invested very little in industry. This led to the eventual decline of "Shanxi merchants" with the demise of the feudal system.
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