Special Warfare Writing Materials Album (1) Basics
Preface
War has always been the last resort to resolve disputes between countries, and ever since the Spartans of 3,000 BC
Bardax proposed that "since the purpose of war is to win, all means and methods must only lead to victory."
After the concept that "everything is necessary to achieve victory", any despicable technology and means have never been used in war.
on the battlefield, and even extends to all activities caused by hostilities between countries.
The glorious humanity of honor, respect and admiration no longer exists, only the humanity of hatred, victory and anger exists.
On the dark side, soldiers are no longer glorious, and the purpose and reasons for war are just ugly and greedy political purposes.
With cover-up reasons and excuses.
However, the bright side of human nature is not so unbearable. The origin of humanitarian and humanistic ideas, people
Start thinking seriously about how to avoid the dark side of war. Although the shape of war continues to change with science and technology,
Although the war has changed with the advancement of technology and weapons, the essence of war has not changed. It is just that in the process of fighting against each other,
, people began to understand that in order for the troops to gather enough centripetal force and fighting will, intensive physical fitness/
Combat skill training and central ideological indoctrination and teaching are all necessary conditions for a successful team. With experience,
The accumulation and actual combat verification show that the results of these trained troops are far better than those of ordinary troops.
And as the history of the unit is passed down, the self-confidence, self-esteem possessed by these highly trained members
Heart and sense of honor coalesce into a formidable force that allows these special unit members to
Endure training that is several times more arduous than that of ordinary troops, and achieve tasks that are impossible for ordinary troops to achieve.
The army has always attracted people's attention and jealousy, so to distinguish it from the general traditional troops, we will distinguish these units
Collectively called special operations forces, these special forces members endure training that normal people cannot endure in peacetime, and in combat
Sometimes they take on more dangerous tasks and are more likely to die in battle, but the responses they receive are by no means proportional.
It may be a belief that others find incredible, a slogan or a flag. Why?
Do they want to accept such treatment? Without it, they have a sense of honor, because they know that they are different, they
They are the elites chosen among ten thousand, so they do things that others cannot and dare not do, and turn the impossible into possible.
Challenge your limits and explore your potential, because they are special operations personnel.
Each special operations unit has its glorious history and heritage, and has a nickname that suits its characteristics. Although one
Pandu generally calls it Special/Elite Force or Commando (Comamdo), but
Members may prefer others to call them aliases. They may be hunters active in the mountains and forests.
(Jaeger, another name for the Norwegian special operations force); they travel everywhere (Ranger, the U.S. Army Ranger and
Many special operations forces from other countries that have received technical guidance from the U.S. military also use this name), like seals in
Swim freely in the cold Arctic Ocean (SEa/Air/LandTeams, SEALs), overlooking the earth like an eagle
, looking at the group (the 101st Airborne Screaming Eagle Division of the US Army, the 6th Alaska Snow Eagle Division), and the Indians
The same movement in the mountains is as silent and fast as the wind (the US 7th and 25th Light Infantry Divisions and the 10th Mountain
Earth Division), their attack power is as indestructible as a crystal structure (Delta, Delta Force
), active in the desert where no one can survive (the British 7th Brigade, the Desert Rats, the US 24th Aircraft
Mechanized Infantry Division), they are brave warriors (Valor, Worrior), they are everywhere, everywhere
What cannot be done is, as Sun Tzu said in The Art of War: "It moves like the wind, it stands like a forest, it plunders like fire, it does not move like a
"Mountain." Of course, some units think that nicknames are not important and call them directly by unit numbers or numbers, so
The name is not important, it is important to know the combat power represented by the code name, so GSG-9, GIGN,
Many units such as SAS and SBS, which are directly named by numbers and unit names without aliases, are still orders.
A special operations unit that everyone respects.
In order to be different from general regular troops, the special operations units to be introduced in this article are defined as follows:
1. An independent unit informally organized under the standard command and administrative system.
2. Unit members choose volunteers.
3. Directly under the command of high-level units to perform difficult, highly confidential and sensitive tasks.
4. Unit personnel are highly streamlined, and equipment and logistical support are given high priority.
5. The unit's equipment procurement, training courses and other funds are more generous than ordinary units.
6. For unit members, second, the three types of professional training and personal academic ability requirements are higher.
Of course, the above points cannot really distinguish the difference between special operations units and traditional units, but in short, special operations units
The combat unit is a highly trained independent organization dedicated to handling special situations.
(OrganizationforPerformerSpecialSituation/Operations,OPS), in
In this series of special warfare lectures, we will give a more comprehensive history, development, equipment, tactics and warfare
An introduction to fighting skills, not specifically for a specific unit, but if the unit has something special worth mentioning
, will be otherwise noted in the article; in addition, in order to prevent interested parties from using the information introduced in the article for illegal purposes
, the introduction of unarmed killing techniques, blasting/booby traps and traps will be greatly simplified, but for our country's current situation
Regarding the tactics and equipment used by the former military police, this article will provide a deeper introduction and analysis of those that have been disclosed. Finally,
Finally, the information cited in this article is not only derived from some of the discussions published by myself in the media, but also refers to foreign experts.
The content of this training course, the declassified national defense intelligence and the mission inquiry report of the US military special operations forces, the author
The training received by individuals, the tactics and techniques adopted by OPS in the United States/European countries are selected and combined
In the analysis and assessment of the national conditions and multiple armed conflicts in Southeast Asia, it is inevitable that there are many omissions, and it is still unclear
I hope that advanced people from all walks of life will not hesitate to make corrections.
develop
As mentioned before, the shape of war has changed with the advancement of technology and weapons. The speakers in this series of lectures
It refers to the characteristics developed in conjunction with modern weapons and equipment after the Second World War (1937~1945).
tactics, and due to various factors such as war form, weapons, equipment, concepts and real environment.
The so-called special operations before 1937 are not discussed in this article.
There are different opinions about the origin of special operations in modern warfare. The United States believes that underwater explosives
The Detachment Group (UDT) can be regarded as the first sister of special warfare, but the British think that their Special Air Service (SAS)
With the Special Boat Service (SBS), the French insisted that during the German occupation, the French
The performance of the underground guerrillas is sufficient for special operations to call themselves a disaster, while the Russians say that the Kazakh cavalry
The performance of the troops is even more well-deserved. Some historians believe that only the members of the German U-boats can be regarded as
, Japan’s kamikaze team took the spirit of special warfare to the extreme... Different opinions are inconsistent, and the pen
The author personally believes that the German paratroopers fully meet the three requirements of OPS: high training, special handling
It has an independent and normal organizational structure under special circumstances, which can be regarded as a representative of early special operations forces. And in 1939
During the invasion of Poland on September 17, 2017, the highly trained German Paratroopers of the 7th Division descended from the sky.
, in conjunction with the three-dimensional land and air attack of the JU-87 Stuka dive bombers and the No. 4 tank, the German paratroopers followed suit.
First assign the mission area, bring various special equipment, build an aerial bridge fort, and occupy the transportation hub and command control area.
control center, effectively and quickly disrupted the resistance of the Polish troops, and successfully completed the history of human military affairs.
An incredible achievement. The success lies in the careful advance planning of the German General Staff Headquarters and the cooperation with the Paratroopers Department.
The team's solid training, as well as various special equipment designed for this operation - such as improved from the first
During World War II, a collapsible explosive pack made of explosive strips used to blast a passage through a wire snake cage.
Special equipment such as suitable ladders, airdroppable motor vehicles and support firepower - the most important thing is in action
Before starting, the Germans had already planned the target buildings that the paratroopers would occupy during the invasion of Poland.
We conducted complete sand table deductions and actual military exercises on various terrains, possible encounter situations, etc., and were fully prepared
Possible emergencies in actual combat will be acted out in various ways outside of the script, and therefore, in actual operations.
The casualty rate of German paratroopers is incredibly low. But in my personal opinion, the decentralization of command power, the transfer of command and the coordination of personnel
The concept of replacement expertise training truly demonstrates the essence of special operations: independence, mobility, and high variability
, the staff is streamlined and has multiple specialties, which can achieve the greatest achievements with the least manpower and cost.
Unfortunately, due to the defeat of the Axis Powers, Germany was divided into East and West Germany, and the German General Staff Headquarters and troops no longer existed.
Now, all related tactics, equipment, and concepts have also come to a standstill, and after the war, various countries have been crazy about demobilization and massacres.
Given the general anti-war mentality, maintaining an expensive special operations force does not seem cost-effective. The development of special operations
Development also stagnated for a period of time, but with the advent of the Cold War, the expansion of communism and the encirclement of the free world
In the conflict between the blockade policy and the blockade policy, disputes continued and wars continued in various parts of the world. However, the post-war demobilization and development economy
Due to the economic orientation, it is difficult to have enough troops, personnel, and equipment to deal with these conflicts at the same time.
In this dilemma, special operations units with small establishment, high mobility, flexible personnel operation and high combat effectiveness have become the best
choices, countries began to systematically develop their own special operations forces. These units may have continued during the war.
The original units expanded based on the accumulated experience - UDT, AIRBORN, MARINS of the US Army; British Army
SAS, SBS, Desert Rats, Kurkha Force; French Colonial Forces (the predecessor of the Foreign Legion)
Wait——, there are also new units established in response to the new situation, as well as various semi-normal temporary formations
, but at this stage, each country and each unit still operates independently and does its own thing, and special warfare presents a multi-headed carriage.
The single-line development. In the 1970s, international terrorism emerged, transnational hijackings, kidnappings and automobile
The terrorist act of car bombs forced all countries to join forces to combat terrorist acts, and the military/police also began to carry out disguises.
With the exchange of equipment, technology and concepts, the development of special warfare began to show a pattern of connected development. As time progressed
In the 1980s, with the popularization of computers, communications and transportation equipment, the concept of rapid global deployment of troops also
There are different modules depending on the location of each country where the US military is stationed. The era of global village also represents
With the advent of the possibility of global operations, the development of special warfare has been rapid. At this time, the development of special warfare has
Globally developed, the UDT (Underwater Demolition Team-Underwater) in 1944
DemolitionTeams, UDT - founded in 1942, and in Normandy on November 20 of the same year
He became famous during the landing battle and began to be reorganized into the current SEAL Task Force in 1962). The members may only be
He is a strong diver with general combat skills and an understanding of explosives, but today's SEAL team member
Not only is he a master of amphibious warfare, proficient in various penetration and reconnaissance skills, but he is also a field seeker.
Tactical experts in biological, jungle, polar, desert and urban areas, for anti-hijacking, hostage rescue, bomb
/ Booby detection / deployment and other anti-terrorist combat skills are even more proficient. He must understand the battlefield sequence, wireless
Electronic communication programs, passwords, enemy and friend situations and various combat intelligence, as well as global satellite positioning and navigation systems
(GPS), satellite communication equipment, laser range finder/calibrator and the operation of various high-tech equipment, as well as in
Experts with knowledge of various types of judgment and leadership in dealing with different combat situations in various environments.
Nowadays, the requirements for special operations members are getting higher and higher, and it is becoming more difficult to train them. Therefore, this series of lectures will try their best to
A systematic introduction to the basic common sense and entry-level skills that a complete special operations team member should have.
equipment
Generally speaking, the tasks performed by special operations personnel are quite different from those of traditional troops. Therefore,
The standard equipment used by some traditional units cannot fully meet the mission requirements of special operations forces. Therefore,
In addition to standard equipment, most special operations forces are also equipped with special equipment that meets mission requirements.
Some of these equipment are improvements to existing equipment, and some are specially designed for special operations missions.
, and the most common method is for special operations team members to manually modify existing equipment and mission requirements to suit the requirements.
Equipment suitable for your own use. These special warfare equipment can be roughly divided into the following categories:
clothing
Generally speaking, the mission area of the special operations unit is quite wide. In order to match the various landforms, backgrounds and colors,
Department, special operations units usually have more than one set of uniforms, but each country has different uniforms based on national conditions, budget and mission requirements.
The quantity will vary, but generally speaking, at least the country's standard camouflage and a set of dark colors should be issued.
Combat uniforms, because no matter which country's special operations force it is, night infiltration/combat is the focus of training.
Dark combat uniforms are issued for this purpose, but different countries have slightly different opinions on color. The German GSG-9 is
Dark green, while Italian BLUETEAM uses dark blue, and the most popular one is of course black.
color, but dark clothing is not indispensable for night tasks. It is used at night in deserts, snowy areas and flat areas.
Camouflage is mainly light-colored. In addition, the advancement and popularization of night reconnaissance and infrared thermography instruments and technology
With the development of clothing, the requirements for camouflage of clothing have progressed from confusing human eyes to deceiving electronic instruments.
The original purpose of camouflage combat uniforms is to integrate the simple color block configuration into the anti-infrared synthesis technology.
Changed, but the functions are completely different.
In addition to the standard tailoring of Mystery, many members of the special operations force will make personal modifications to them, except?
In addition to making clothes fit better and look more handsome, they may also be modified to suit personal preferences and usage habits.
Take the combat uniforms (Battle Dress Uniforms, BDU) currently used by the U.S. military as an example. The exposed top is the same as the regular one.
The design of the four pockets on the front makes the author personally not appreciate it. Obviously, the SEALs and Navy SEALs in the 1960s
The author has a similar view, so the tiger-spot camouflage uniforms used by the SEALs were changed back to the traditional two chest pockets.
The inner-tie top design, while other seals wore the lower two camouflage pieces of the early-type small camouflage rations at that time.
After removing the pocket and changing it into a small pocket that can just fit the magazine or other equipment, sew it on the hand according to personal habits.
The position of the arms, back shoulders, back of the flanks or calves can not only increase the amount of ammunition carried, but also reduce the armament?
The load can also increase the comfort of wearing the top when it is inserted into the body, and the most important thing is that it can make the seal of the wearer
It provides more flexibility in operations, and this simple and effective method has always been widely loved by various special operations forces.
In addition to standard uniforms, many special operations force members like to wear jumpsuits for combat missions.
In addition to being easy to put on and take off and wearing loosely and comfortably, the design is highly elastic - the day combat uniform jacket is dark-colored.
The body suit is a night combat suit, or a jumpsuit over a diving suit can be used for immediate underwater penetration operations.
Entering the combat standby state, the jacket-style jumpsuit is another common combination-flat
The appearance also makes movement a little more convenient, unlike the appearance of the BDU combat suit? There are so many buttons and
The pocket may be caught by foreign objects while moving.
load
personal part
As early as the First World War, the load on combatants and the performance of combat power have been discussed by military scholars.
According to the research, the popularization of fully automatic personal weapons during World War II had a significant impact on the carrying of ammunition and the physical fitness of soldiers.
The load on the balance began to tilt, although at the same time various types of X-belts and H-belts were also developed.
Various load-bearing straps, but only the original loose ammunition is loaded into the magazine and then placed into the original ammunition belt and carry bag.
On the luggage case, grenades, bayonets and other equipment are attached to the armed belts as separate carrying tools.
The collision not only makes it difficult to move, but also makes a lot of noise, making it impossible to move secretly, and these plug-ins
In some cases, the equipment may even harm the carrier himself, but the problem has never been solved.
In the 1950s, mankind and war entered the supersonic era of jets at the same time. In order to provide jet fighters with
After parachuting and escaping, pilots can still have basic life-support equipment and self-defense weapons, life jackets and radios.
and other equipment, a pilot-specific survival vest system has been developed, which can carry a large amount of equipment without
Multi-purpose vests that affect movement also attracted the attention of all parties during the Vietnam War. Among them, the green and mesh survival vests
The heart has become an important reference for the development of tactical vests in the future. But at the same time, the load and personal protection of soldiers
It is also receiving more and more attention, and the research and development of bulletproof vests and new bulletproof helmets has become a top priority for various countries, such as
:The Israeli Army found in many battles that adding bulletproof vests to the original weapons would cause soldiers to use them.
The inconvenience of wearing weapons or changing magazines, and the few seconds added may very well be the difference between life and death.
After the verdict was announced, the Israeli army directly sewed the magazine pouch and ALICE clip buckle onto the outside of the bulletproof vest.
Putting on a bulletproof vest?? At the same time, the armed preparation is completed, and some adjustments are also made to the matching of other equipment.
, so that all Israeli soldiers can wear bulletproof vests as the most basic clothing to prevent combatants from this
The loss of precious assets; while the Germans use the design of widened shoulder straps to reduce the burden on the waist and back; the Swiss
The method is to sew many small pockets directly on the combat uniform, which are just the right size to fit magazines, radios, and handpieces.
grenades and other combat supplies, but apart from that, most of the loads carried by soldiers in various countries still use heavy-duty backpacks (X,
H, Y) and S belts are basic personal combat equipment, and different attachments are equipped on them according to the nature of the mission.
Add bags - such as ammunition pouches, holsters, water bottles, bayonets,... - and then add a
, a large backpack with the equipment needed for daily life - such as a change of clothes, sleeping bags, food rations, backup ammunition and parts...
Wait - plus personal weapons, it is the most basic personal combat equipment.
However, for special operations forces, this kind of standard personal armed equipment can only meet the needs of some tasks.
The development of special warfare equipment began. Taking the development of the United States as an example, it can be divided into two categories: general purpose and special purpose.
Regarding the development model of the same system, let us first mention the general model. Basically, this model is to modularize the currently used equipment.
The design and combination allow it to be flexibly adjusted according to different needs. BIANCHI designed
UN84/UN92 holsters can be regarded as representatives. This holster can be matched with different components to show diversification.
A full set of eight accessories allows the UN84/UN92 system to be used by both left and right hands. The tactical leg
The extension plate, armored lanyard and tuck-down lanyard provide another option when the S belt is fully loaded. Remove the upper lanyard.
It can be used as a plainclothes holster after being covered. It can be hung directly on an ordinary belt without the need for an S strap. The quick-release buckle is even more convenient.
The speed of drawing a gun is accelerated to meet the requirement of defeating enemy aircraft first, and the appearance of different colors can be matched with different clothes.
The only disadvantage is that it can only be equipped with pistols of standard specifications. The universal module may have been designed for
Developed for a single unit or mission, but may be due to the versatility of the equipment itself or future improvements.
It can be used by many units, and then mass-produced into standard equipment, UN84/92 is an example. Next
When it comes to specialized systems, the missions of special operations forces are often the only missions of all time, and the methods used in the process
Methods and equipment are not available in traditional units, so all equipment developed for the nature of these tasks are
It is considered a special system, such as the tactical vest used by various special operations forces.
The size of fire support weapons is limited by the inherent limitations of chemical energy weapons, and their performance in volume reduction is not very good.
Good, but due to the advancement of material technology, various lightweight and high-strength materials are constantly being used in new types of materials.
type firearms or ammunition delivery systems, but in order to maintain basic firepower, the number of ammunition carried should be the same as the volume.
It has been unable to reduce. On the contrary, the increase in firepower demand has caused the amount of ammunition carried to increase instead of decreasing, so the soldiers
In addition to the ammunition for their own weapons, they must also share the ammunition for fire support weapons (mainly referring to machine guns).
gun ammunition), and grenades for various purposes (personnel killing, flash shock, white phosphorus burning,
Hooks... Various necessary weapons and equipment have also made soldiers' combat loads heavier and heavier. In addition, backpacks, supports
The total weight of the equipment needed to support a soldier on the battlefield for a week is almost 3/4 of his body weight. Under such a load,
It is impossible for soldiers to move flexibly, and mobility has always been a survival factor for special operations forces, especially in
When deployed behind enemy lines or in locations where mobile vehicles cannot support, and everything depends on the soldiers' feet, this
This problem is highlighted. The traditional method of matching Y and H with S belt and various additional bags not only loads
It is limited, not efficient, and has quite adverse effects on the human body. Therefore, the emergence of multi-purpose tactical vests has become a
It is inevitable. Most tactical vests are sewn with many pockets of different sizes for users to put
Into ammunition and other related combat supplies, early tactical vests were just the openings on the pilot's survival vest.
However, by the middle of the Vietnam War, under the extensive use of the SEAL team, the original hand-made modifications
The product function was insufficient, and combat vests designed completely for combat needs began to appear. As Japan
After continuous improvement, tactical vests began to be widely known to the world, but early tactical vests were only designed to target bullets.
It was designed for the carrying of medicine and secondary weapons, and other related equipment was not taken into consideration, while the later design was aimed at
Various additional bags have been developed for various purposes, fixed with Velcro felt and turtle-shaped buckles.
The deployment is different for each mission, and the tactical vest also begins to be combined with a bulletproof vest, a rappel vest and a heavy-duty backpack.
Systems such as bottom pads began to be integrated, and the uses and appearances of tactical vests formed diverse, random combinations.
However, due to the high cost of production, only a small number of specially selected general troops are distributed for use, and tactical vests are still
It is a special product for special operations forces.
In addition to tactical vests, special backpacks, slings, tactical gun slings, special equipment carrying bags and other equipment are also available
It is a general special equipment used by special operations forces. However, because there are too many types, it is impossible to cover them all.
list, but the general principle remains unchanged, that is, the equipment must have certain characteristics that can be applied to this mission or current situation.
Those who use the equipment need portable equipment, or those who have unique functions in use. These equipments are
In addition to not allocating general troops because of different mission requirements, there is another factor that is the issue of price.
The price of these special equipment is usually very impressive. A tactical vest with S belt
The purpose is the same, but the price may be several times higher. Similarly, the MP5 submachine gun favored by special operations forces
The price can buy 3 M16 rifles and there are still some left, as well as its special combat uniforms, multi-purpose combat boots, etc.
The equipment is also high-priced and high-grade. Take the combat knife equipped by the US Navy SEAL team as an example. It may be titanium alloy.
Gold anti-magnetic knives, super hard special alloy knives, or even ceramic knives, these are not
Magnetic knives are necessary to perform their tasks, but their price is dozens or even dozens.
The sum of the general diving knives, the rope ladder used by SEAL Team 6, its rope hook is made of titanium alloy, and its price, this
Let’s put it this way: it’s about the same price as a Concorde ticket from New York to London. As for other sophisticated high-tech
The price of technical equipment is not to mention. At this point, I believe it is not difficult to understand the three essentials of war mentioned by Napoleon.
Su: The first is a lot of money, the second is money, and the third is the principle of money!
unit equipment
In addition to basic personal equipment, in addition to traditional communication equipment and small fire support weapons, infiltration,
The distribution and carrying of other related equipment required for evacuation and mission requirements has been troubling people at all levels for many years.
Commander, for this reason, many equipment began to have military and civilian versions, communication equipment is one example, and finally
Early battlefield communications used wired voice or signals to transmit orders or telegrams, and the development of radio brought great changes to the battlefield.
The field commander opened up a new century, and with the advancement of computers, fiber optics, lasers and satellite technology
,The satellite communicators used today are impressive in terms of size, durability, confidentiality, and operational performance.
High-kill weapons such as 40mm grenades, squad/platoon machine guns, various small rockets, and guided missiles are highly prized.
Injury support equipment has also become lighter and more compact due to advances in technology and material engineering, with the same volume.
Due to its weight, the 60-meter mortar may only provide barrage support for less than 10 minutes, but nowadays, perhaps several
Armored/combat vehicles, several helicopters and relatively considerable combat reserves, as well as convenient communication and airdrop technology
Advances in mobility have greatly simplified the problem of mobile vehicles, including the use of helicopters, submarines and high-performance off-road vehicles.
, which has greatly increased the mobility of special operations forces, also due to the improvement of precision guidance and precision bombing technology.
The current special operations forces rarely carry out the task of blowing up large targets, and other tasks require large tools or equipment.
Achievable tasks should be carried out by high-tech combat machines as much as possible to avoid damaging specialties that are difficult to train.
combat personnel. Most of today's special operations forces are targeted at low-intensity conflicts, hit-and-run warfare or reconnaissance behind enemy lines.
For tasks, large equipment shared by units may be broken into several parts and handed over to everyone to carry, or it may be lightweight enough to be carried by
Personal carry, but no matter what, the problem of carrying large unit equipment does not exist in special operations units.
We will analyze this issue later.
arms
Since the establishment of special operations units is usually small, often only in the size of squads and platoons, the enemies they face can be large in size.
It can be several times larger than it, and special warfare units often have lagging tasks. How to exert firepower and test
Measuring one's own safety and mission requirements is often a difficult problem faced by special operations commanders, and it is different from what is generally imagined.
, most of the weapons used by special operations forces are standard equipment used by general troops, and only a few are
Improved or customized to meet special needs, not only because the training of special operations forces is more rigorous and intensive than that of ordinary troops,
In fact, the shooting accuracy has also been relatively improved, so the same gun in the hands of ordinary soldiers is the same as that of special forces members.
cannot be compared with those in the hands. We will take the special operations group of the US military as an example to illustrate its armed configuration.
Set.
Army part
The U.S. Army has several special operations forces with different sizes, characteristics and expertise. They are the Green Hats.
(GreenBerets), Rangers (Ranger) and Delta Force (DeltaForce), and Light Steps
Although the Bingshan Division, the Airborne Division and the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division are also famous, they are well-trained.
It is a good special operations unit, but due to its normal organization, command system, training mode and mission nature,
It does not meet the requirements of OPS, so we will not consider it. Let’s take a look at the green flat hat first. This one is a flat hat.
The marked unit is the most localized among the three special operations units, especially in terms of weapons and equipment, which are closely related to the Indian
Unlike the special operations forces in the picture, except for the flat hats, the equipment of this unit is no different from that of the general U.S. Army.
They are the same, M16A2 rifle (including the carbine series in the family), M21 sniper rifle, M14 rifle,
MINI14 rifle, M203 grenade launcher, SAW machine gun, M9 pistol and 45 pistol, even bayonets
It uses standard M7 and M9 bayonets. A standard establishment is 11 people, which is about an intensive class.
, a total of 2 SAWs and 6 to 9 M16 rifles (2 to 4 of which are equipped with M203
shotgun), 1 sniper rifle, 1 to 3 M14 or MINI14 rifles, each person is issued one
Pistols, among which the quantity of sniper rifles and rifles have been adjusted, the basic carrying amount of ammunition is as follows:
The M16 rifle has two magazine bags each containing three 30-round magazines, plus the magazine on the gun, a total of 7 × 30
Shot = 210 rounds. The Grenadier is a grenade vest that can carry 20 40mm grenades and 1 bomb.
The package includes 1 magazine on the gun, a total of 4 magazines. The MINI14 gun is the same as the M16; the M14 rifle has 6 20 magazines.
The magazine plus the gun has a total of 140 rounds, while the M21 sniper rifle has less than 40 rounds. The SAW machine
The gun has two boxes of 250 rounds of spare ammunition and one on the gun, a total of 750 rounds, and the pistol has 2 spare magazines.
One on the magazine and the gun, so the ammunition capacity of the M9 is 15×3=45 rounds, and 45 is 7
×3=21 rounds. However, when actually on duty, riflemen may carry 4 to 8 ammunition bags, while machine guns
The amount of ammunition carried by the hand remains unchanged, but teammates may help him carry 2 to 4 more boxes of ammunition belts, which is probably only
The amount of ammunition carried by snipers and grenadiers remains unchanged. Among them, the ammunition carrying capacity of commanders, scoundrels, signals corps and medics
The amount of ammunition carried may be slightly less than others, but overall, its firepower is higher than that of an ordinary infantry squad.
Let’s talk about the Rangers. Apart from what has been mentioned before, the Rangers seem to particularly prefer long-range guns.
Therefore, the 7.62mm FAL rifle and the 5.56mm FNC rifle are not uncommon among the Rangers.
See, the machine guns used by many rangers are M60E3 and MININI instead of SAW, and with braided caps
The difference is that the popularity of pistols among Rangers is not high. Only about 1/2 of the personnel can carry them, while the grenade
The formation of grenadiers and snipers is unusual among the Rangers. This may be due to the nature of the mission and the nature of the unit.
Related to tradition, the Rangers attach great importance to long-range, precise firepower, so comprehensive firepower suppression is required in the Rangers.
There are not many combat records of the troops. The armed configuration of the Delta troops is relatively new and in line with the general
Imagine, including MP5 submachine gun, H&KMod.203 45 caliber USP and SIGSAUGER
P228 pistol, this may be because the Delta Force is the only unit of the US Army that has received complete anti-terrorism training
The training unit includes many courses such as hostage rescue, close urban combat and three-dimensional infiltration, and other courses.
The difference between the urban combat training received by the U.S. Army is that other troops are aimed at annihilating the enemy, while the three
The purpose of the Jiaozhou Force is to safely rescue the hostages. That is, at the end of 1996, Japan
The embassy in Shandong was invaded by leftist radicals and held hostage hundreds of diplomats from various countries.
hostages in order to threaten President Lu to release his accomplices, the assistance provided by the United States turned out to be a group of three
From the fact that he is an instructor of the Delta Force, we can know the evaluation of the Delta Force in the minds of senior American personnel.
Although some people may point to the failure of Operation Desert One on April 24, 1980 to question the leadership of the Delta Department,
Whether the team has sufficient capabilities to conduct special operations, but later review reports proved the reasons for the failure and did not
It's not a problem with the Delta Force, but a problem with the command system.
naval part
When it comes to the special operations forces of the U.S. Navy, the SEAL Task Force is naturally the first representative. This team was famous during the Vietnam War.
The green-faced men who were frightened by the Viet Cong had always considered themselves experts in irregular warfare, and the equipment they used was similar to that of the
Weapons are also diverse. Taking the Vietnam War as an example, the standard US military weapon was the M79 grenade launcher.
M60 machine gun, M16 rifle and 45 pistol. Of course, there were M14 rifles in the early days, but the SEALs were armed
It’s much more complicated. In addition to standard US military weapons, there are also early M3 submachine guns, M1A1 carbines,
Swedish Carl Gustaf submachine gun, Russian-made AK47 rifle obtained from the Viet Cong and Chinese Type 56
Submachine guns, Remington Model 700 shotguns, and of course the SEAL Team’s 5.56mm Stoner machine gun
; In addition, the M435 9mm pistol (top
The muzzle-type silencer produced by Messervaline (the famous baby sleeping silencer gun) and the 15-round ammunition
High-power pistols (Hi-Power, 9mm caliber) produced by the Belgian National Arsenal (FN), etc.
Even though the race has become more numerous, the types of guns used by seals to this day are still quite diverse.
In addition to the previously mentioned firearms, various new firearms have also been added, the most famous of which is naturally the M9 pistol
Guns and MP5 series submachine guns. In addition to the common A3, A5, SD2, SD6 in the MP5 family
In addition to the K type, the MP5KA4PDW, which is specially produced to meet the needs of seals, has also become widely known recently.
Less well-known is the MP4 submachine gun, which was originally developed by H&K Company for the German Navy's combat frogmen.
Designed according to the specifications proposed by the army, the biggest feature is that the structure is greatly simplified and made of special alloys.
, it is particularly satisfactory for operation and combat readiness in low temperature, sea water, sediment and various harsh environments.
It looks quite similar to the MP5A5 in appearance, but the appearance of the gun body does not have as many seams and joints.
At first glance, it looks like a cast one-piece gun body. The only obvious difference from the MP5A5 is the unusually thick gun body.
Flash cap part. The number of units used in this type of firearm worldwide is said to be in single digits, and it is a special product of H&K Company.
Public equipment, while the M9 pistol is due to the excessive training of the SEALs (shooting more than 3,500 rounds per week) and
There were structural problems due to the double destruction of high-charge special ammunition, but after the reinforcement and repair by the original Beretta factory
Finally, this problem has been satisfactorily resolved.
air force part
There are many independent combat units directly under the U.S. Air Force responsible for special services, but most of them are related to strategic nuclear threats.
Units related to resistance, units related to ground operations, we specially dispatch ground navigation troops and combat medical units in advance
Let me explain to you the rescue team as an example. The nature of the mission of the advance ground navigation team is equivalent to that of the paratrooper navigation team.
Similar to the paratrooper navigation team, except that the paratrooper navigation team only needs to mark the drop zone to complete most of the task, while the advance guard
The tasks of the ground navigation troops are much more complicated: first enter the target area through vertical penetration, and then follow the mission area
What type of preliminary operations are performed? - If it is a simple wilderness, it is to clear ground obstacles and reconnaissance of the surrounding situation.
Sort out and mark the route of follow-up troops; if it is an old abandoned airport by the enemy, check whether the runway can bear it.
Receive aircraft takeoffs and landings, repair them as appropriate, and conduct reconnaissance and alert on relevant road systems; if the enemy is now
The airport used needs to subdue or destroy the enemy's aircraft garrison, cut off the enemy's communication and alarm system....——, build
Establish communications, intelligence and guidance system networks, and operate within our forces (helicopter fleet or STOL fleet)
Provide relevant assistance and guidance when landing, and even intervene in the battle when necessary, providing firepower with them?
Related support, covering the smooth landing of our troops and moving out of the landing zone. Finally, after the mission is completed, it must be completed
Completely withdraw the entire team from the combat zone. Since the enemy's situation may not be as expected, ground navigation troops are dispatched in advance.
The firepower configuration is quite amazing. In addition to various light weapons, various air defense, anti-armor and ground support firepower
The number of force projection devices is quite large. In addition, in order to meet operational needs, the advance ground navigation troops are equipped with
A large number of mobile vehicles and equipment were deployed to facilitate the mission, so the reconnaissance and ground wiring team was equipped with
Off-road motorcycles and ultra-light off-road vehicles are equipped; while the ground team is equipped with various motor vehicles for civil engineering
and tools, the most special thing is the weapons they use, which almost include the standard equipment and guns of NATO countries.
On the support, in addition to M16, FNC, FAL, Italian AR70 series, Swiss SIG550/551 steps
Guns; M9, M92F, P226, P228, FNHP, COLT.45 pistols, etc. are also common in this unit;
In addition, M249SAW, MININI, M60E3, CETME and FN general machine guns, 50HB heavy machine gun
, MK1940mm grenade machine guns are scattered on various motor vehicles, Stinger, Mistral, Javelin and other anti-aircraft missiles
Bombs and anti-armor missiles such as Roland and Dragon are also the standing firepower of this unit. The most important thing is that this unit
All personnel and equipment are air transportable (including deployment and evacuation), but due to the nature of the mission,
Recently, many people (including some senior military observers) have been mistakenly thinking that this is a paratrooper.
The Army Rapid Forces or a unit directly under the United States Special Warfare Command Center (USSPECWARCOM), I don’t know?
In fact, it is a unit of the United States Air Force, and this kind of solution also happens to the combat medical rescue team.
In war, the loss of weapons and equipment is inevitable, but due to the advancement of science and technology, war machines are becoming increasingly sophisticated.
, complex, and the time to learn to operate these equipment is getting longer and longer, sophisticated combatants have become important
The production of combat assets, weapons and equipment is available, but the development of personnel cannot be achieved overnight. Maintaining combat personnel
The lives of military personnel and the provision of medical rescue have become important issues on modern battlefields. The United States, in particular, has promoted this perspective
to the extreme, and due to the convenience of transportation in modern warfare, the depth of the battlefield is extremely long. How to find the location and
Rescuing injured personnel behind enemy lines has become a difficult problem, and the advent of global combat and the high destructiveness of modern weapons
Due to the strong power, rescue helicopters often cannot find a place to land or are unable to stay in the air for a long time due to heavy enemy fire.
The movements of personnel, and even injured personnel are often unable to move or rescue themselves, and enemy snipers
Various issues such as the POW hunting unit also led to the establishment of combat medical rescue teams in response to the trend.
Combat medical rescue teams are not large, usually groups of less than ten people, and their members are experienced in first aid and small combat operations.
Fighting, radio communications, navigation and evacuation procedures all have a certain degree of training basis, and their tasks are in
When pilots or special operations members parachute behind enemy lines or are injured in combat, the combat medical rescue team enters possible positions.
After searching the location of the personnel and providing emergency medical rescue, the team members will coordinate the evacuation of friendly forces.
, during which the team must protect the safety of the injured, avoid contact with the enemy, and transport the injured to the designated evacuation point
.In order to deal the greatest blow when engaging the enemy, the team members all have superb combat skills and combat skills.
This is because after carrying a large number of emergency medicines, stretchers and related rescue and communication equipment,
There are not many weapons and ammunition carried, so the team members are not equipped with and carry machine guns, but small-caliber charge
The lethality and intimidation power of the gun cannot pose a strong threat to the enemy, so it is not used. The combat medical rescue team
Most of the groups are equipped with 5.56mm M16 rifles and FNC rifles or 7.62mm FAL and G3.
HK33 rifle, and equipped with HK company's M49 grenade launcher instead of M203, because the M49
The model can be used with a variety of different ammunition for different purposes, unlike the M203 which is limited to firing only projectiles.
The ammunition types are less than 6 inches long. In addition, everyone is equipped with one pistol, and the type is based on European
Military-standard pistols are the mainstream, while .45 and M9 are rare.
vehicle
Due to the special nature of the mission, in addition to general means of transportation and transportation, the vehicles used by special operations forces also
There are some differences. Taking flying vehicles as an example, in addition to traditional helicopter transportation and transport aircraft parachuting, hang gliders
, light aircraft and parachutes are the aerial penetration tools often chosen by special warfare units. The main reasons are these
The vehicles are all light, silent and easy to carry and collect; apart from the traditional marching of motor vehicles
In addition to methods, rock climbing and rappelling are favorite methods of special operations troops; when it comes to water and underwater vehicles, fast
Commonly used vehicles such as boats, rubber boats, hovercrafts and jet skis are special vehicles used by special operations forces.
Tools include personal underwater propellers, small submarines, surface/underwater dual-purpose speedboats and bubble-free underwater vehicles.
Respirators, among which the sizes of small submarines include watertight types that can carry several people, and non-watertight types for two people.
Underwater skids and small torpedo-type submarines for personal use, and torpedo-type submarines can swim directly out of the torpedo tube.
It's a pretty thoughtful design for a submarine.
In addition to guarding against non-standard vehicles, special operations forces often use standard equipment in unconventional combinations, such as direct
You can air-drop rubber boats and vehicles from a lift, or jump directly into the water from a high altitude and then dive underwater.
Infiltrate or march to the designated rendezvous point, or perform silent gliding on a high-altitude parachute.
In addition to military transport aircraft and helicopters, the vehicles used for skydiving include civil airliners, light civil aircraft,
Airships and hot air balloons may also become high-altitude and transparent vehicles, while helicopters can directly descend without safety buckles.
The penetration method is also a self-training method that special operations team members are keen on (similar rappelling methods are used in our country’s
Special operations forces also have experts with this unique skill, which is named Feiyan/Wild Goose Fall (jump) in China.
Method) The biggest advantage of this method is that it is fast. There is no need to perform the action of releasing the buckle after landing. You can directly cut the
The disadvantages of entering combat are that in addition to the high risk and difficulty in training, the limitation of rappelling height is a problem.
This action relies entirely on arm strength control, and the gravity acceleration caused by too high a distance may cause
Causes irreparable physiological damage to the operator. Generally, this kind of action is limited to a height of less than 10 meters.
OK, although there have been records of successful attempts to jump from higher altitudes, but with safety first in mind, 10~
15 meters is an acceptable and safe height.
Other equipment
In order to meet the needs of the mission, special operations forces often need a considerable amount of peripheral equipment to assist in the completion of the mission.
Here are some commonly used equipment:
communication
Today's special operations force is not a lonely orphan behind enemy lines. On the contrary, because today's special operations are often
With operational requirements such as multi-service joint operations and real-time intelligence response on the battlefield, communications have become an integral part of modern special operations.
As an important part, the communication equipment usually used by special operations forces can be divided into short, medium and long according to the communication distance.
long-range; short-range telephones are usually used for contact and communication between group members, usually using a single
Most of the walkie-talkies with bourbon straps (domestic radio players call them handphones or simply mobile phones)
Dual frequencies are used to prevent interference during two-way calls. Channels are often encrypted to prevent overflow and eavesdropping.
These models include 101/102P wireless phones used by the Chinese police, EM7 used by the Chinese army and American
The LST-5 of the army is the same; the medium and long-range communicators are usually used for the team to cooperate with the command center or land and air coordination.
For professional use, including survival radios, medium and long range radio communicators and data processors.
Models usually have high-power and long-distance transceiver functions. Early designs can only perform straight-line communication.
, even the woods may affect communications. The subsequent design allows the radio waves to hit the ion layer in the atmosphere and then be refracted.
, there are fewer restrictions due to terrain, and the communication distance has become longer, but the communication quality is still not fully satisfactory to today's people.
Until now, with the emergence of satellite over-the-horizon communicators that use satellite carrier waves and clustered radio waves, the quality of communication has
It has undergone revolutionary improvements. The early design can be represented by the AN/PRC-77 radio, and the mid-term design can be represented by the AN/PRC-77 radio.
It can be represented by AN/PRC-174 and AN/PRC-731 radios, and later representatives include PRC-101,
PRC-104 satellite communicator and PRC-90 survival radiotelephone. In modern combat, the complex
In addition to using these complex machines, communication networks and operational priorities are another issue for special operators.
This is a piece of knowledge that must be understood, and this is usually the information that the enemy is most eager to obtain. Therefore, special operations personnel must
Avoiding exposing one's position when using general communication equipment is another matter that must be paid attention to.
reconnaissance
Although in this era of technological advancement, much battlefield intelligence can already be obtained through satellites, unmanned reconnaissance aircraft and various types of
Relevant high-tech detection equipment can know the enemy's movements, but of course the enemy will also take all precautions as much as possible.
protective measures to prevent relevant intelligence from being detected, and in such a back-and-forth situation, infiltration by special operations teams
, the mode of sneaking into the rear of enemy lines for reconnaissance has not declined but has become increasingly important, especially among special operations personnel.
The intelligence filtered through the combat-experienced eyes of military personnel is an important basis for the judgment of field commanders; in addition,
In addition to traditional reconnaissance operations, modern battlefield guidance weapon systems include target calibration and personnel search.
Search and rescue, enemy target destruction, data collection and small combat, ambush... and other mission types are also special.
Therefore, in addition to laser calibration devices, night vision devices, thermal imagers (IR), front
Various detection instruments such as visual infrared system (FALIR), optical fiber and optical surveillance system are also special
A considerable part of the battle.
blasting
In special operations, blasting plays an important role, whether it is destroying enemy equipment or road systems.
system; or destroy one's own equipment in critical situations to prevent it from being captured by the enemy, to prevent secrets; or even in
Preset booby traps during an ambush, or create chaos in enemy positions... You can think of it in almost every situation
Where blasting can be used. In terms of equipment in Western countries, anti-personnel grenades, white/yellow phosphorus hand grenades
Common explosive equipment, with ingenuity and careful arrangements, can often make these originally single-function
Explosive equipment has become a variety of booby traps that are unimaginable to today's people and cannot be guarded against, including bridges, buildings, and vehicles.
, types and quantities of explosives required for blasting of various materials, sizes, thicknesses and areas such as walls, doors and windows, etc.
The quantity, shape, and position have all been sorted out through many experiments in special warfare units at all levels. A set of systems and rules has been sorted out.
, for reference by operators. However, these are confidential and restricted documents unless you join a special operations unit.
, otherwise it is difficult to see relevant information; in addition, there are so-called smart bombs made from local materials.
The author cannot provide relevant information, but reading more about MacGyver may give you some inspiration.
other
In addition to the aforementioned, the range of special warfare equipment includes a wide range of items, including Swiss knives, multi-purpose combination tool pliers, and survival equipment.
Knives, climbing ropes, and sneakers may all be special warfare equipment, and various hand-improved standard equipment often become
Special warfare equipment that is of great help in special warfare operations. In fact, strictly speaking, there is no special warfare equipment at all.
In the existence of special operations personnel, equipment is dead and people are alive. The efficiency of equipment is determined by its use.
The user controls it, not the equipment itself; good equipment will naturally be easy to use, but that is not absolute. Many
People often think, "If I have special operations equipment, I can act like a special operations force, or I can become a special operations unit."
Team." This is an absolutely wrong and unacceptable idea. The development of special operations personnel cannot be achieved overnight.
It is not something that can be accomplished overnight. The process of cultivating and developing special operations personnel will be discussed later.