【Special warfare writing material album】Six complicated and special terrain
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Global missions regardless of time, season and region are OPS's unique mission format. In order to cope with various possibilities
The mission locations and tactics derived from various terrain types have become the most basic training requirements for OPS.
For the sake of simplicity, this article will focus on the four major categories of jungle, mountain, snow and three-dimensional town, and proceed with one lecture for each major category.
I will give you a brief explanation and introduction.
jungle terrain
In fact, the jungle terrain should be roughly divided into flat jungle, hilly jungle and alpine jungle. The standard for differentiation is
Those below 250M are flat jungles, those between 250 and 750M are hilly jungles, and those above 750M are alpine jungles.
Perhaps many people will think that 750M is not a high mountain, and it must be at least 1500M to qualify, but the method used by the author
The standard is based on vegetation in the northern hemisphere at 20 degrees north latitude. Plants in the 750M mountainous area at this latitude may already be needles.
/ Broad-leaved mixed vegetation, and this set of calculation standards actually uses plant species as the identification criterion. At the same time, this set of accurate
The same applies to regions. Plants in flat forests and tropical forests are the same, while hilly forests have the same plants as subtropical forests.
Jungles, alpine jungles are the same as boreal jungles, and the super highland jungles higher than the boreal jungles are actually sparse.
It is not considered a jungle. We classify it as snow or mountain terrain and is not included in this discussion. The following are the first three types.
Give a brief description of the terrain.
plain jungle
When it comes to plain jungles, what most people remember most is probably the dense and dense jungle in a series of Vietnam War movies, which can appear at any time.
The impression of the Viet Cong ambushing the panicked American soldiers. In fact, regardless of the plot, most of the Vietnam War
The description of the tropical jungle in the film is correct, or it would be more appropriate to call it a tropical rainforest. In the tropical rainforest
, the most objectionable thing is that the plants grow too lush and lively, so dense that the visibility is less than 1%.
Meter level is considered normal, but the strong vitality of the tropical rainforest will make it possible to use up the power of nine cows and two tigers just yesterday.
The trail that was opened up was completely covered by another denser bush of unknown plants today. Under such circumstances
, road identification is already quite difficult, let alone any reconnaissance and formation. As for engagement and counter-ambush,
Regarding the application of tactics, let me quote the most common saying between instructors and classmates when the author was training in the United States: "Do
everythingyoucando,anddoitbest.ThantrustGod.」
But for the special operations troops, it is not something they can endure. Taking the initiative is the style of OPS.
Therefore, to deal with the dense tropical rainforest, the special operations team has two reactions: one is the distribution of the formation, and the other is the entire team's response.
The march of the team and the formation distribution of the team are different from the flat terrain in the previous lecture. Due to the vegetation of the tropical rain forest
Dense, the team's way of traveling in this kind of terrain is very limited, usually only single column, double column and single arrow, double
It’s just an arrow formation, and due to the limited visibility distance, the distance between team members is often quite close in order to maintain visual contact.
, usually only between 3 and 5M, and the distance between the enemy and the main team rarely exceeds 30M. In such a dense environment,
In a concentrated formation, there are only two ways to prevent the enemy from attacking: First, every team member knows the entire journey.
And agree on several meeting points in advance. If they are attacked, they will disperse in small groups and leave the war zone separately.
Rendezvous at the designated place at the agreed time; second, maintain the integrity of the formation and uninterrupted firepower, and use the best possible force after being attacked
Use heavy firepower to get out of the combat zone as quickly as possible, and then reorganize the team after leaving the line of fire. Of course! The second method is more suitable.
spirit of OPS, but in many cases, the first situation has to be applied. Please recall the first chapter of this lecture.
Talk about the intellectual requirements of special operations personnel, including the information and information that each team member needs to memorize for each mission.
The report, in which the information about the route and mission time is prepared for this possibility.
As for the march of the second type of team, in fact, the following reconnaissance formations are commonly used in the rainforest. These formations simultaneously
It can be used in dark nights, unknown areas and over-the-top grasslands. In fact, these formations are ideal for underwater searches, aerial reconnaissance and vehicles.
Vehicle patrols are equally effective. The only areas where they are not applicable are urban land reclamation, urban area buildings and high-rise mountainous terrain.
Grid coordinate search method
The grid coordinate search method is quite simple. Divide the task area into 9 squares, each square is 150~300??.
In order to facilitate the explanation of the traveling route, we define the upper left corner as the first grid, the directly above as the second grid, the upper right corner as the third grid, and the middle
The left is fourth and the middle is fifth.
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The lower right is the ninth. When we take the seventh grid as the starting point, we first face
Go up, which is the fourth square, the first square, then turn right to the second square, then turn right and go down to the fifth square, eighth square, turn left
On the ninth square, turn left and move upward towards the sixth and third squares. When you reach the third square, all nine squares have been
The first reconnaissance was conducted, but it was not enough. The second reconnaissance started from the sixth to the third grid and arrived at
After the third square, go forward left, pass the second square, reach the first square, then turn left and go down towards the fourth square. Wang Da's second
After four squares, immediately turn left and go forward toward the fifth and sixth squares. After reaching the sixth square, turn left again and go down toward the ninth.
After reaching the ninth square, immediately turn left and proceed to the eighth square, and finally stop at the seventh square, which is where we started.
So far, we have thoroughly searched the entire mission area twice. This area search method can
A complete and thorough search of the entire mission area is widely loved by units at all levels, but it is the ancient circular search method.
Also known as the bee detour method or the concentric circle search method, because it rotates in the same direction, it is easy to produce confusing parallax.
, and the monotonous and repetitive detours in one direction are also annoying. In recent years, it is rare to hear of units adopting
Use this search method.
sector search method
In fact, the sector search method was first adopted by the Air Force units because this search method has a longer route.
, it is really not a good choice for infantry who rely on two legs, and the flight of the aircraft is anyway with one and two rudders.
, kicking the wheels, the lead aircraft will fly into the sky first, what does the length of the route have to do with me? And because of the space of the sector search method
Navigation is much easier in China. You only need to fly to and from the specified azimuth angles for a specified time or distance, and return to
After fixing the point, specify another bearing line. Not only is it easy to navigate, but it is also much simpler to judge the point of no return. Compared with the square grid
The search method has nine fold angles, and the designated flight distance and time at each azimuth angle are uncertain, the Air Force chooses
The reason for the sector search method is not difficult to understand.
The method of fan search method is to conduct a careful search along both sides of a main axis according to the coming and going directions. The general standard
It is a quadrant divided into six axes. The angle between the two axes is 15°. According to the main axis, plus or minus seven and a half degrees each is
Back and forth navigation azimuth. For example, if the main axis is 315°, the going azimuth angle is 307.5°, and the return azimuth angle is 307.5°.
is 322.5°. This rule applies to both the air and the ground, but there are some differences in distance. The distance in the air
Adjustments are made based on the aircraft's point of no return, and the search range on the ground is limited to 1000M ~ 3000M as a standard, so
Because a distance that is too long will make the distance between the reentry points too wide, causing a blind spot in the search. In addition, a distance that is too long will
Distance will also make the time stretch too long, which is a challenge to the physical and mental strength of the team members. When performing the fan search method
When doing this, you should pay attention to time control and adaptability at any time, because the task area of the same size makes the grid coordinate search
The time of the method will be shorter than that of the fan search method, and the advantage of the fan search is that you can return to the starting point every time.
It is of great benefit for repairs, intelligence returns and new acquisitions, but generally speaking, the sector search method is more suitable for formation defense.
The use of peripheral patrols and a total of twenty-four search axes in four quadrants will ensure the security of the entire perimeter of the position.
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river search method
In tropical rain forests, rivers, swamps, dense forests, quicksand and grasslands are all common combinations, but in the latter four terrains
We can all apply the formations mentioned above, but the river terrain has never been mentioned, but in fact, rivers
There has always been only one way to travel and search the land, and that is to walk along the river. Generally speaking, traveling along the river
When searching, there is no absolute standard for the distance between the team's traveling position and the river. Many operation manuals will
The river distance of 35~75M or 25~50 yards is mentioned, but in fact it is only a recommended value at best. The distance between rivers should be
The team should be kept in the shelter closest to the river, but in order to prevent the soft ground near the river, which may cause
It is inconvenient to enter, so you should maintain a safe distance. This is why those manuals have those recommended values.
because.
Generally, when conducting river searches, the team marches in a column or single arrow formation, and during the march, in addition to searching for rivers,
In addition to the above-mentioned surveillance and search, the footprints around the river, trampled stems and leaves, etc. cannot be ignored. Of course, the entire
The anonymity and safety of the team cannot be ignored. In addition to safe distance and search, one of the important tasks during the river search is
A very important thing to note is the return and crossing points. These two points often overlap, but they are also different.
Situations may occur. The turnaround point referred to here is slightly different from the aircraft’s point of no return. The turnaround point refers to the river search.
The unilateral end point, because the river search should be on both sides, not unilaterally, even if the river is too wide to wade and
When crossing, or when connecting without a boat, the end point of the unilateral turnaround; and the crossing point refers to the point where you wade across the river.
There are several factors that are often considered in places that can be crossed: shoals, slow flow areas, sandbars and tributary ends, and the most important thing is
Whether it is safe or not, threats usually come from two aspects: nature and enemies. Booby traps and trip wires are placed in the water.
Although it is a trick at the elementary school level, no commander will give up on this small insurance, and the magical
The great Creator never gives up any opportunity to fool mankind, so a big monster will appear in the shoal.
There is a pit, and the big pit is just behind a big stone that has just emerged from a little water. The big stone will just happen to be attached if you are not careful.
There are some slippery moss on it, and what’s even more unfortunate is that the moss must still be growing where you think you’ll be able to stand more firmly if you step on it.
in the concave point; as for the undercurrent under the surface of a mirror-like surface, the underwater vortex in the slow flow area, the hollow sandbar and the shore
Mud edges are also gifts given by nature. Therefore, in addition to being wary of the enemy, we also have respect for the earth.
Fear is also indispensable at all times.
In most cases, a river search will include major river channels and tributaries.
For the special operations team of Tool, the search distance of 3 kilometers upstream and downstream, and a total of 12 kilometers on both sides of the strait, is acceptable.
This may also increase the detours several times, and the physical energy consumed when searching and wading in tributaries.
You have to pay attention when searching. When searching on rivers, they almost always march in a single line column. This is mainly because
In order to increase the search area of the river and develop a larger firepower sector against possible threats, although this
The depth of firepower to respond to possible lateral attacks may not be enough, but under the average conditions considered by many parties, maintaining a single
The line column method of marching is still the most suitable choice for river search.
hilly jungle
Different from the flat jungle mentioned earlier, the vegetation in the hilly jungle is mostly perennial shrubs, which can grow for many years.
, the size and species are quite different from tropical rainforests, one of the most important differences is the cover.
The characteristic of tropical rainforests is that most of the plants are broad-leaved forests, which can be covered with just one leaf, while in hills
Among the jungle vegetation, shrubs with small trunks and sparse grass piles are often the main surface plants, and nothing grows.
Rocks, mounds, short grasslands and low shrubs are also the most common scenery in hilly terrain. In this case, hills
There are a few principles you should pay attention to when traveling to the mausoleum:
1.
Never walk on the mausoleum line.
2.
Always pay attention to the cover and concealment around you.
3.
The contrast between your clothing and the surrounding terrain should not be too great.
4.
Try to make use of mountain cols, sunny sides and river valleys as much as possible.
I believe that the reasons for the above points no longer need to be explained to you. Therefore, what is introduced in this lecture is what you have to do.
The use of formations when marching on flat hillside terrain, including vertical columns, horizontal columns, single arrows, double arrows, and diamonds
formation and Y-shaped formation, and because of the plain jungle we have adopted the general principles of the US military mountain division, in hilly terrain
, we introduce the basic training course of the British Special Air Service (SAS): Group March in Mountainous Terrain——
General part.
Heavy straight column
One hundred years ago, the actual political owner of nearly one-third of the known landmass on Earth was the British Empire.
In order to maintain control over the vast territories and colonies, the great empire on which the sun never sets has trained, cultivated and maintained
A sizable and efficient force, the Imperial Army maintains and protects maritime communications with its renowned navy.
The army is actually responsible for the image, public security, colonization and protection of the entire empire.
The elite division of the imperial power can be said to be the earliest globally deployed force. Although today, a hundred years later, the Crown
The gems on it are no longer dazzling, but the glory, tradition and skills of the past have not completely disappeared. On the contrary, in
Among the experiences left behind by the blood and sweat of our ancestors, the British army is one of the few strong forces that can fully absorb the combat experience.
Especially the special forces among them. Different from the special forces in the United States and most other countries, the British special forces are composed of
The training of officers is almost all actual field experience, and even from the perspective of the special forces, the British Special Forces
The team's training process also appears to be too rigorous. The training hours of the U.S. Special Forces are measured in weeks, and currently the longest
Basic training (Note: The basic training referred to here refers to a complete set of training from the time when you are completely incapable to being ready to play.
training course, but does not include overly advanced courses such as language, intelligence, blasting and penetration skills, etc., complete the basic training
It does not mean that he is a complete special operations team member, but he can be regarded as a soldier) and should be the forward combat support/ground support of the US Air Force.
As a member of the surface navigation/control/field search and rescue team, the training period is as long as 48 weeks, including 25 weeks of study.
Subject courses, the so-called subjects, means that students only need to sit in the classroom; but the British Army’s SAS does not agree with this.
By Yankee standards, SAS training lasts for 60 weeks, of which at least 27 weeks are in temperatures of -40 degrees below zero.
Polar training within the polar circle. After completing the extremely cold training course, the next stage is located in the equatorial South Pacific.
They carried out tropical jungle training in the Pacific Islands, and then transferred back to the Scottish Highlands in the north wind for cross-country marching and indoor training.
Intensive combat training, and then there are oil drilling platforms in the North Sea waiting for them to climb, and then use submarines to carry them for underwater penetration.
Through the training, in such an intensive training course, members of the special team also need to be rotated to Northern Ireland for stationing.
Training, on the one hand, training, on the other hand, on-the-ground execution of tasks. Under such training, the British special forces training
The personnel loss rate in the process is not much different from the actual battle losses, but the number of British special forces teams that can complete the training is not much different.
Even compared to other most prestigious special operations units in the world, they are the most arrogant and proud.
The most arrogant, annoying and powerful, that is, in terms of some concepts and execution skills, the British Army
The special operations team's approach may not be the latest and flashiest, but it is certainly feasible, including this seemingly innocuous one.
of vertical columns.
The British army's formation pattern is the biggest difference from what we have mentioned before. The British army does not allow the personal habits of left-handed shooters.
, everyone in the British army is a right-handed shooter, so the formation considerations of the British army are different from those of the United States.
, the general impression is that the British army has a more conservative style. This view is applicable in this formation. The British army's single line column
For an eight-person team, the second, fourth, and seventh team members will be responsible for guarding the right wing, but they still use the right wing.
Because he shoots with his hand, he will keep turning around to guard or walking sideways to guard the right side, while the machine gunner will
There is no special designation for the position, except for the first one - which is exclusive to the Expulsion - and the last one, because the small one
The first and last positions are actually in high-risk positions, and it is not allowed to put such a valuable person as a machine gunner on them.
There is a concept that needs to be mentioned here. The status of machine gunners in the British army is quite different from that in the US military. Simply put, the status of the machine gunners in the US military is quite different.
Each member has a fully automatic rifle, so the machine gunners are relatively worthless, and the British army's machine gunners are professional
Personnel, their status is slightly higher than that of riflemen, so they are also a more protected group; in addition, this formation is in dense forests,
It is also applicable at night.
horizontal column
Horizontal column, according to the British infantry manual: "It is a formation very suitable for raiding the enemy's position." There is this sentence.
The author does not completely agree, because this formation is suitable for many situations, especially in high security areas.
It is also very suitable for surface search. Different from the vertical formation, when using this formation, it is best for the machine gunner to be on both sides.
Because the firepower is deployed on both sides, it can not only provide fire support for the team, but also provide important support for the team's actions.
Fire protection during advance and retreat is also of indispensable importance, and of course, the siege and protection of people
Attacking is also a good formation choice. During the firefight, the marching sequence is based on the group's alternating cover.
Advance in protective mode, the distance traveled depends on the distance of the next cover, but generally it should not exceed 15M; in addition.
If the enemy's position is not directly in front, but on the flank of the group, then you only need to turn the entire group sideways.
The purpose can be achieved by turning in a certain way. Therefore, although this formation may seem ordinary, it actually has a mysterious effect.
Infinite.
single arrow formation
The single arrow formation mentioned here is slightly different from the single arrow formation mentioned before. In fact, it is just the opposite.
In the arrow formation, the arrows are pointing forward and the openings are facing backwards. The ones here are with the openings facing forwards and the tops of the arrows are in the formation.
The rear of the team, and the top of the arrow is exactly where the captain is. This is how the team is described in the manual.
Shape: "An easy to control and good mobile formation at night, but a good target for (enemy) shooters." Got it.
It illustrates the two advantages and disadvantages of this team, but in fact, this shortcoming is a common shortcoming of any formation.
So far, there is still no formation that can guarantee immunity from enemy attacks, it just depends on the severity of the situation.
However, since each formation has its own advantages, the choice will test the commander's judgment. Taking these formations as an example, the guide
The commander is in the last position, so he can analyze and judge the position of the team members and the entire situation in real time.
The issuance of orders has absolute benefits, and after the team engages, no matter how it is engaged or in any direction
When attacked, they can respond, especially when encirclement operations are carried out. Since they are divided into two groups beforehand, they can
Immediately separate another group to conduct a roundabout encirclement, while the previous group continues to attack and contain the attack.
For small groups, the ability to conduct encirclement operations without losing firepower is always welcome.
double arrow formation
This formation is also called the wild goose formation in the UK. It is also different from the double-arrow formation mentioned before.
The double-arrow formation is composed of two arrow-shaped groups of equal numbers, but the double-arrow formation referred to here is, strictly speaking,
In fact, it can only be regarded as a large single-arrow formation and a reserve team composed of two people, just like the large group of wild geese flying south.
In a herringbone formation, the captain of the wild geese and the geese who need to be taken care of fly behind the large formation. On the one hand, they are protected by the wild geese.
Protection, secondly, because the first group of geese moves forward against the wind, the following geese do not need to expend too much energy to move forward against the wind.
After converting this formation to the marching formation of the special operations team, the immediate and obvious benefit is that this kind of formation
The shape can provide comprehensive response and firepower to any direction except directly behind, and can also target those located behind.
The team leader and communications officer (or operator) provide perfect protection to effectively maintain the integrity of the command system. Another simple
The advantage of being alone is that the machine gunner can be located directly in front of the formation, understand the situation like everyone else, and react immediately
Instead of waiting for instructions or taking the initiative to fire to draw enemy fire, as in the past, it is necessary to transmit command orders.
It has been confirmed that this formation is generally considered not suitable for use at night, but it can be used to deal with unstable ground such as gravel and shale.
This formation has considerable benefits, and other open terrain with no cover is also suitable for this formation.
diamond formation
The diamond formation is quite similar to the O-shaped attack formation mentioned before. The biggest benefit of this formation is, according to the manual,
It is said that "it can provide all-round firepower immediately and quickly in open terrain in the dark." As mentioned above, the West
The circle defensive formation widely used during the pioneering period can be regarded as an early application of this formation, and it will be used in the future.
Most positions and defense formations adopt a similar concept, but this does not mean that this is just a defensive formation, on the contrary.
Due to the complete defense of this formation, it is a very good attack and search formation, and this formation has a very good appearance.
It seems to be quite similar to the previous formation. As long as the two wings of the previous formation are retracted, it can become a diamond formation.
The same as the former, machine gunners are still deployed on both wings, while command and communication personnel are still located at the rear to receive team members.
For our protection, a big disadvantage of this formation is that from the air, this formation is really a very easy to use formation.
It is an easy-to-aim target, because the pilot only needs to align the aiming ring with the ring formed by the personnel and it will be OK once.
In addition, this formation is not suitable for dense forests, overhead grasslands, and any terrain that blocks the line of sight between team members, but it is suitable for
Mountains and hilly shrub areas are a pretty good choice.
Y formation
In fact, this formation would be more appropriately called the Mercedes formation, because it is not a Y shape, but more like a Y shape.
lock up
Mercedes-Benz MARK: Three main axes separated by an angle of 120°. Usually only very enterprising commanders will adopt it.
This formation is used because it is a strong attack formation and leaves no survivors. In this formation, the commander
The officer, signalman and machine gunner will be located at the pivot point in the center, controlling the movements of the entire team and moving in this formation.
, no matter which direction the enemy appears, he will face at least two of the groups, and the third group will be immediately available
By performing a roundabout and outflanking maneuver, even if they are ambushed from both directions, the team will still have a group of personnel positioned at an opening that will not be attacked.
Can carry out counter-ambush and breakout preparations or tactical actions. To break up this formation, the only way is to attack
The heart connection point, but unfortunately, that happens to be the most solid structure in the entire formation. This kind of formation, regardless of
It is suitable for offense, defense, evacuation and personnel escort, but the overall tacit understanding and action concept are highly limited.
Requirements, otherwise, any oversight will lead to the collapse and disintegration of this perfect formation.
alpine jungle
Most of the vegetation in the alpine forests referred to here are frigid plants such as coniferous forests. These frigid plants may grow
Poets, artists and scientists may sing about these plants if they can express vitality and have the beauty of desolation.
Chant some chants, but to the special operations personnel, these trees are damn useless. These alpine trees are not
Too small to hide, but too big to see the situation in front. Moreover, although these tall ginseng trees can be regarded as
The branches and leaves are lush, but they all grow a little too tall. For the human body whose height is measured in single meters, it does not provide much
Such cover and protection, coupled with the comatose effect of the thin air in the mountains on the brain, the alpine jungle can be considered
A very unpleasant area, it is not suitable for dense forest formations because of insufficient cover; it is also not fully suitable for open area formations.
shape, because there will be tree trunks, rocks, mounds of soil and other objects in the middle, and the lack of visibility and depth problems are also the same.
This kind of troubles both the attacking and defending sides, because the terrain is too complex and there are too many situations to consider, and usually dealing with complex
The answer to a complex problem is to simplify it. This law applies here and is applied to the complex terrain of mountains and jungles.
There is only one formation: the compound zigzag formation.
The so-called compound zigzag formation is to separate the odd-numbered and even-numbered players in one column into two columns, but between them
The distance is not shortened. In other words, your front and rear teammates are either diagonally in front of you, or to your left.
Diagonally to the right and behind, the advantage of this formation is that you can clearly see only your upper and lower teammates, but the entire
The formation remains intact, and during the march, the surrounding cover can be fully utilized to advance.
Action, the disadvantage of this formation is that it takes a long time to react when facing the enemy, and the structure of the formation is loose.
The support and response of the formation are not as fast as that of the ordinary formation, but in the complex situation of the mountains and jungles, this is impossible.
Another applicable location for this formation is the building area, but this is not included in this discussion. Regarding the related
The details will be discussed in subsequent chapters. (To be continued)