Before the Lugou Bridge Incident, Japan was already a crazy country with militarism.
The so-called "militarism" is explained in China's "Cihai": "The country is completely under military control, and all militaristic ideas and actions for invasion and expansion." Japan's "Guangciyuan" explains in this way
: "The country's politics, economy, law, education and other policies, organizations prepare for war, attach importance to the development of arms forces to the outside world, and use war to promote national prestige."
Although the words are a bit different, the basic meaning is the same. That is, the army is lawless, the government cannot manage the army, the army can manage the government, everything is for invasion and expansion.
The originator of Japanese militarism is Akito Yamashita.
The origin of the modern Japanese army can be traced back to 1871 after the Meiji Restoration. In this year, Satsuma, Nagashu, and Tosa Sanfan dedicated 6,300 "Imperial soldiers" to the Emperor. Emperor Meiji carried out the "abolition of the vassal" based on this force.
The reform of establishing counties. These "virtuous soldiers" were later renamed "Guards".
In 1877 (the tenth year of Meiji), the biggest hero of the Meiji Restoration, who was kicked out of power by internal strife, was the army general and former guard general Takamori Saigo launched a large-scale rebellion known as the "Southwest War" and headed north from Kagoshima and Kyushu.
Surrounded Kumamoto. The banner of rebellion of Takamoto Saigo was unknown, but it turned out to be "I have something to say to the government". He also spoke, saying that he wanted to go to Osaka and Tokyo to take a walk.
The Meiji government sent a civil servant named Prince Chiren as the governor of the expedition, and found two military generals, Lieutenant General Yama Prefecture, and Lieutenant General Kawamura Junyi to help join the army and began to suppress the rebellion. The troops were not strong enough, so the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department was
The police (called "Penal" at the time) also went to the front line to fight their lives.
This fight lasted for seven months and finally suppressed the rebellion. Afterwards, I summed up the lessons and learned three things, one was the civil servants who took charge of the command, the other was the general who asked for instructions in everything and the other was that there was no good adviser.
After it came out, it played a key role in the future development of the Japanese army.
Unexpectedly, just after summarizing the lesson here, the Takebashi Mutiny broke out there. More than 200 artillery soldiers were fucked by problems such as military pay and merit. In the Takemoto barracks, they set up cannons and opened them to the house of Okuma Shigenobu, the Minister of Okuma.
It's right.
This incident provided an opportunity for Yama Prefecture Akito to establish a militarist system in Japan.
At this time, Yuto Yama Prefecture had become the Army Master of the Meiji Government of Japan. In order to maintain military power, he took the military command from the government and parliament as an excuse to prevent domestic politics from swaying the army as an excuse to take the military command from the government and the parliament and handed it directly to the Emperor.
.This is Japan's unique "independence of command and command". In the Meiji Constitution formulated by Hirobu Ito, which is the Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire, it is stated that the emperor commands the army and navy, rather than the emperor being the commander of the army and navy. This is for Japan
The formation of a dual system of military system, military and military orders and separation provides a legal basis. In today's view, the dual system of military and military orders is actually political strategy and military strategy deviates from military strategy, which will inevitably lead to inconsistency between politics and military affairs, and is the biggest country
Hirofumi Ito did not think so until his death. This loophole in the constitution he formulated eventually became a black hole that buried the empire he and many people.
The symbol of the dual system of military and military orders was the establishment of the General Staff Headquarters on December 5, 1878. Originally, in the Southwest War, the problems of poor military orders, poor command and poor staff were exposed, and it was indeed necessary to strengthen the Provincial Staff Bureau of the Army.
But Aritoto Yamashita independentized the General Staff Bureau and established the General Staff Headquarters. He became the first chief of staff, directly under the leadership of the Emperor, and directly in charge of the army, making the government's military and naval provinces become military and political departments, and the general staff
The headquarters has become a military order department. In this way, the government will only recruit soldiers and raise soldiers. As for what the soldiers recruited, it will become the affairs of the General Staff Headquarters. If the government asks about it, it will infringe on the power of commander.
With the law and the system, the General Staff Headquarters, the main command body for promoting militarism, was established, but there was a lack of vanguards. So a group of war madmen, later known as the "Showa Warlords" who graduated from the Army University, appeared.
Yamashita Akito and his group began to decide to start the Army University to cultivate staff. Of course, these staff members later became the chief officers of the Japanese army, and those who did not become chief officers were also working hard to become chief officers.
The tutor of the Army University invited by the Japanese was Major Merkel, a German student. The students recruited were all from the Army Non-commissioned Officer School, served for more than 2 years, and were under 28 years old, and artillery and engineer lieutenants under 30 years old.
This enrollment method and system have three major hidden dangers. First, Merkel is just a tactical expert and cannot understand Clausewitz's "On War". Although his tactical class was very successful, from maps to sand tables to scenes.
All are remarkable. But that only trained a group of regiment-level commanders, which led to the Japanese army being able to fight beautifully in a single battle, and they would undoubtedly lose in national-level wars. Second, the students recruited were all from Army Primary Schools
, Army Middle School, Army Non-commissioned Students who have passed the exam all the way can win the 10% admission rate of Army University. However, these students grew up in the military environment, do not understand society or politics, and learn
What is war, and what can be war is war. Once they take up leadership positions and have no strength to restrict them, it is conceivable what they can do. Third, the Army University does not have a baggage subject, which forms
The consequences of later generations of Japanese troops not paying attention to logistics and military discipline were corrupt.
The Army University was founded in 1882, enrolled students in 1883, and graduates began in 1885. There were only about 10 people in each of the dozen sessions. It was not until the 13th session of the 1899 period (due to the 1895 War of 1894) that the school was suspended for two years.
It has stabilized to about 40 people in each session, and it has increased to about 50 people in the 21st period in 1909. It has not been until the 54th period in 1941 that the number of graduates has begun to expand, and the 60th period in 1945 has reached 120 people in the 60th period in 1945.
The previous 59th issue was 199. That is to say, there were only about 3,000 graduates in 60 years, and the average number of people was only about 50 per year. The Japanese army also stipulated that only after graduation from the Mainland University can they be staff members, which formed Japan
The heads of the army are all unique phenomena of being a staff member, because only the staff member can climb up.
In the eyes of foreigners, the army belongs to the government leaders, and the staff of the army is just the staff of the chief officer. The so-called staff member does not lead the chief, and it does not taste good to fart. What if he leads the chief, what can he do? But Japan is different from others. The army is the same as others.
Command the government, commanding the chief officer, and young soldiers were used to defeating the superiors. These staff members who graduated from the Army University regarded the land of China as a paradise for their achievements, and acted recklessly, causing a bloody storm.
At this time, the Japanese government cabinet had a military province, a naval province, a military minister and a naval minister, which were commonly known as the land minister and the sea minister. They all had active army and representative naval generals. If the government's decisions were not in line with the interests of the military, the interests of the military.
Once these two people resign, as long as the military no longer sends new candidates to serve as mainland prime ministers and maritime ministers, the cabinet will naturally collapse. Therefore, the Japanese government cabinet is the most likely cabinet to collapse in the world.
Ayuto Yama Prefecture, the founder of Japanese militarism and the source of Japanese aggression and expansion, followed the path of the Chief of Staff - Secretary of the Interior - Chief of Staff - Prime Minister - Minister of Justice - Speaker of the Privy Council - Prime Minister, and finally gathered politics.
The military, police and officials are all in power.
After building a militarist system, Yamashita Akitori proposed the goal of becoming an "Oriental overlord".
Yutoto Yama County died in 1922. In addition to being a military bureaucrat during his lifetime, he also served as the third and ninth prime ministers of the Japanese government, and fabricated and issued the infamous "Public Security Police Law", which was a bad thing. He was in a lifetime of
Japan's greatest contribution was his death. In the words of the second-generation president of the Liberal Democratic Party, the Prime Minister of Japan, and the friend of Prime Minister Zhou Gong Enlai, that is, "The death of Yama County is a contribution to society."
After Yamashita Aritomo's death, Japanese militarism had taken shape. His disciples and grandchildren further improved Japan's mainland policy and realized the goal of occupying North Korea and seizing Manchuria and Mongolia one by one. At this time, Japan had fallen into the madness of expanding externally and punishing China.
In confusion. Not to mention the fanatical militarists in the military headquarters, most of the ordinary people are crazy. They look forward to the expansion of the invasion of the Emperor, the military headquarters, and the Imperial Army warriors, and will bring greater benefits to them.
If someone keeps a little sober, he will definitely become a stumbling block in the eyes of the Japanese.
Now, the Japanese stared at North China like hungry wolves.
What is due to come is always coming.
After provoking the North China Incident, the Japanese army did not stop. On the one hand, they joined in to win over and divide the Song Zheyuan Hebei-Chahar government, and on the other hand, they actively prepared for war. The protagonist of the preparation was the North China garrison troops.
In 1936, the young Japanese military officers launched the "226 Incident". Although they were quickly suppressed, the consequences were very serious. It was a milestone in Japan's modern and modern history. This incident first induced the Japanese army's "Supreme Army."
"The movement, the second was that it led to Hirota's cabinet coming to power. Hirota did two things, one was that under the threat of the military headquarters, the already abolished active-duty system of ministers, and the other was that it signed the German "Germany and Japan" with Germany.
Joint Defense of the Communist Party Agreement". Although this agreement was carried out by Major General Oshima Oshima, the Japanese military attaché in Tokugawa, was carried out by the government, it has been more than half a year since the Ministry of Foreign Affairs learned. Historically, Hirota Shigeta, as a civil servant after the war, was listed as Class A
The war criminal was hanged because the consequence of these two things he did was war. "From the 226th Incident", political party politics completely withdrew from the Japanese political stage, and the government became a tool for the military. The military led Japan to do its best.
He rushed onto the road of no return to the war of aggression.
The North China Garage Army was originally called the "Qing Garage Army". Because its headquarters was located in Haiguang Temple in Tianjin, also known as the Tianjin Garage Army, it was a Japanese garrison in China according to the "Xin Chou Treaty" after the Boxer Rebellion. The barracks were respectively located in Haiguang.
The temple and the Dongjiaominxiang in Beiping were deployed in Beijing, Tianjin, Tanggu, Qinhuangdao, Shanhaiguan and other places. This army did many bad things in the Pingjin area, including the Jinan tragedy and the North China Incident.
On April 17, 1936, the Japanese cabinet brazenly decided to increase troops to North China, increasing the original 1,700 troops of the North China garrison to more than 5,700. According to the Shanghai "Shenbao", the actual number of Japanese troops increased by more than 14,000. Emperor Hirohito personally appointed him.
The former commander of the First Division, Lieutenant General Tashi Ichiro Ichi was the commander, Major General Hashimoto was the chief of staff, Major General Kawabian Masao served as the commander of the newly established infantry brigade of the garrison army, graduated from the 29th period of the Lu University, and later history
Colonel Mudaguchi, who became synonymous with "shamelessness" in Japan, was transferred from the head of the General Affairs Section of the General Staff Headquarters to the captain of the first corps of the Infantry Brigade of the North China Garage Army.
After Colonel Mutaguchi took office, a "second Fengtai incident" occurred. On September 8, 1936, he threatened Song Zheyuan to hand over Fengtai. Mutaguchi Ryoya and his superiors had tasted the sweetness.
Be unstoppable, be ready to plan bigger events at any time and gain greater benefits.
In November 1936, Kwantung Army Staff Cole Takayoshi Tanaka colluded with King Deok and attempted to plan the establishment of Inner Mongolia. As a result, King Deok, a puppet army, who was consulted by Japanese spies, was defeated by General Fu Zuoyi in Bailing Temple in Suiyuan. This incident caused the Japanese army to
Those who deliberately provoke trouble realize that not everyone in China is Zhang Xueliang, and it is not possible to support puppets alone. In addition, with the resolution of the Kuomintang-Communist negotiations and the Guangdong-Guangdong Incident, China may have a situation of unity and anti-Japanese resistance.
It is something that the Japanese would never want to see. The devils of the North China garrison garrison involuntarily accelerated their actions.
Therefore, after the beginning of summer in 1937, the Japanese army often conducted exercises in the Pingjin area, attempting to provoke trouble. The Pingjin area was already filled with dry firewood, and a little spark could ignite a sky-sky fire.
The commander of the North China garrison Army, Wanichiro Tada, has been in poor health recently. His heart disease has tortured him and he can hardly work normally.
Knowing that the commander was sick, Mudaguchi Ryokawa saw it and was anxious. Of course, Mudaguchi Ryokawa was also anxious not Tayo Wanichiro's illness, but when will he achieve success? At the beginning, Ishihara, Doihira, and Itagaki
After planning the September 18th Incident, he immediately became a star in the army, with positions, ranks, titles, and everything. That is a name left in history! How can he make a big splash like Ishihara, Doihirohara, Itagaki and others?
What about flying into the sky?
Mutaguchi Ryoya looked at the map again. From the map, Beiping is now surrounded on three sides. As long as Wanping City is taken down, the road from Beiping to the Central Plains will be cut off, and then Beiping will become a dead city.
The center of this corps is in North China, and the center of North China is in Pingjin. As long as Pingjin is taken, North China can naturally go down in one go. At that time, it will take the manpower and material resources of North China, Manchuria and Mongolia to take China as if it were to take things out. One step back, it is the military headquarters.
It is a great contribution to the integration of North China, Manchuria and Mongolia. Besides, does the military headquarters want to expand the scale of the war? Then they have no choice but to make up their decision, Mutaguchi Ryo
.
Mudaguchi Ryo also seemed to have seen the Emperor's smiling face. When he saw the Emperor awarding him a medal, he couldn't help but pick up the sake on the table and took a big sip, and hummed "Kunoshi" in his mouth.
After humming for a while, Mutaguchi Ryokawa also considered how to get the credit. He knew the solution, that is, to create a fait accompli. The question is who fired the first shot and caused this established fact?
After thinking about it, Mutaguchi Ryokawa also thought of the Tianjin secret service chief Hidekawa and the Grand Secretary.
Shigekawa Hideka is a high-level soccer student of Kenji Doihara. He graduated from the non-commissioned officer school and served in the second class of the General Staff Headquarters. He took Puyi to Manchuria with Kenji Doihara to serve as the head of the agency. He was sent by Kenji Doihara to Tianjin as the head of the agency.
I have been working to win over Chinese soldiers for two years, with the goal of establishing North China. This guy is almost crazy if he wants to make contributions, so there is no problem finding him.
As for others, Mudaguchi no longer wants to find him again. Commander Tashi Anichiro is ill, Chief of Staff Akamoto is cunning, I don’t know if he has close contact with the senior military leaders. The last "second Fengtai incident" was
He hinted clearly. Now he kept urging the exercises. It was so hot that he made the exercises so tight and he was very clear. He wanted to accidentally get fire and exchange fire with the Chinese army.
Can you enjoy the success of those guys in the military?
The guys in the military are probably afraid that China will achieve unification within China and will rise in anti-Japanese sentiment and will never be able to occupy China in the future. It seems that the theory proposed by Ishihara, the guy proposed the theory that consolidates Manchuria, Mongolia, North China, and then fights a protracted war with China.
No longer have the upper hand, the radical theory of quick battle and quick decision has won. Now no matter them, no matter what theory they have to do first! You must make careful plans and take action before the internal unification of China. What the empire needs is division and accumulation
The weak China, which is slaughtered by others, does not need to unite and fight against Japan!
After thinking about it, Mutaguchi Ryo also smiled grimly and asked him to call the Tianjin secret service chief Hideka Shirokawa and ask him to come to Fengtai immediately to discuss something.
After Shigekawa Hideka, Ryo Mudaguchi also invited him to a Japanese restaurant. The two of them hugged geisha, drank sake, and had a happy conversation.
Mudaguchi Ryoya's plan was very simple, which was to ask Hinahiro Shimakawa to find a few spies to fire empty guns while the Japanese army was conducting exercises, providing an excuse for the Japanese army.
Maochuan Hide and the North China garrison army were eager to fight with the 29th Army. It would be better to fight and occupy all North China. As for whether the military headquarters will pursue the matter in the future, no one of the two ambitious bastards thought about it.
Joke, the military will pursue it? Unless the sun comes out from the west. Even if someone investigates it, just insist that the 29th Army fired the gun. If it doesn't work, it will be said that the student instigated by the Communist Party and started because of hatred of the imperial army.
Gun. Anyway, it's OK to say anything!
Lugou Bridge is located on the Yongding River, about 15 kilometers southwest of Beiping City. The Yongding River is also known as Lugou, so this bridge is called Lugou Bridge.
Lugou Bridge is both the key to the south and the throat of Beijing. It has been an important transportation hub and cargo distribution center since ancient times. Historical records show that since the Jin Dynasty, when the heartlands of the Central Plains entered Beijing, they had to stay at Lugou Bridge to enter and exit the heartlands of the Central Plains.
The only way to go. Wanping City was built in 1640 and is a military fortress to defend Beijing City. At this time, it was the hub of the three major railways and a place that military strategists must fight for. Lugou Bridge occupies a very important geographical position, once it is
The Japanese army occupied Lugou Bridge, and the traffic in Pinghan was blocked, which would cause Beiping to lose its power and retreat, and North China was about to die.
On July 7, 1937, the eighth squadron of the Third Battalion of the Infantry Brigade of the North China Infantry Brigade stationed in Fengtai, led by the squadron leader Qingshui Jielang, brought artillery soldiers to the near Longwang Temple in the northwest of Lugou Bridge to hold night exercises.
The content of the exercise is "from near the Dragon King Temple to the Dawa Kiln to the east, advance towards the enemy's main position, use the night sky to approach the enemy, and then conduct an assault at dawn."
The Dragon King Temple is northwest of Wanping City, and the Dawayao is northeast of Wanping City. The three places are only a thousand meters away. Moreover, there are twenty-nine soldiers in the Dragon King Temple. The reason why the Japanese army held exercises here was to provoke.
Create a fire incident.
It was very hot every day, and there was no chill until the evening. At 7:30 pm, Shimizu Yoshiro ordered the exercise to begin.
On a sultry night, there was no wind, the night sky was covered with stars, but there was no moon, and the Japanese soldiers formed a battle formation and moved to the east of the imaginary enemy. Qiemizu Yoshiro looked at the outline of the city wall of Wanping County in the distance, and then looked at the movement of his soldiers.
The figure grinned.
At 10:40, Shigeru Shirokawa, who had long been hiding near the Japanese camp in the northeast of Wanping County, looked at his watch, and a hideous smile appeared on his face. He took out the turtle box and fired a shot in the direction of the Japanese camp.
The gun was the first shot of the Lugou Bridge Incident. Immediately, the spies brought by Shigeru Shirokawa fired, and a total of eighteen shots were fired.
After the fight, Shigeru Shirokawa led the spies to retreat. He knew that the mission had been completed, and now it was time to go back and hug his assistant Miss Yoko to sleep.
At this time, the 3rd Battalion of Ji Xingwen 219th Regiment of He Jifeng 37th Division of Feng Zhi'an, the 29th Army, was stationed in Wanping. The battalion commander Jin Zhenzhong.
On that day, Jin Zhenzhong had already seen that the Japanese army had bad intentions. After reporting to the regiment commander, he also put on makeup to reconnaissance.
Hearing the gunshots, Jin Zhenzhong immediately knew that the Japanese army was going to cause trouble, so he quickly prepared for it.
When the gunshots rang out, Shimizu Yoshiro had already finished the exercise. As soon as they checked the number of people, one soldier was missing. Shimizu Yoshiro immediately reported to the captain of the third brigade, Ichiki Qingzhi, a soldier.
Mu Qing didn't even verify this, so he reported it to Mudaguchi Ryo. At this time, the brigade commander Kawabian Masazo was not in Peiping, and Mudaguchi Ryo wanted this opportunity and directly ordered Ichi Kiyo to lead the third place.
The brigade headed to Lugou Bridge to command the battle. He ordered Qingshui Jielang to send soldiers to negotiate with the Wanping defenders and demanded to go into the city to search.
Qingshui Jielang immediately sent several soldiers to Wanping City, claiming that he had lost one soldier and wanted to search the city. Naturally, he was rejected. Qingshui Jielang immediately ordered the troops to surround Wanping County and fired a demonstration.
It started to calculate from the time when the soldier was found to be lost. After about twenty minutes, the soldier walked back by himself. It turned out that the soldier was called Kikujiro Zhimura, a second-class private. He had diarrhea due to a stomachache.
At this time, Shimizu Shimizu Yaro was too lazy to report to the captain of the brigade. The captain of the brigade had already returned. He was also in the same mind as Mutaguchi Ryo and wanted to fight.
At 11:40 pm, Qin Dechun, deputy commander of the 29th Army, received a call from Wei Zonghan, director of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Hebei-Chahar Government Affairs Committee, reporting that Matsui, chief of the Japanese secret service in Peking, said that a Japanese squadron was exercising near Lugou Bridge today, and during the whole team
Suddenly, the 29th Army stationed in Lugou Bridge fired at it.
As a result, one soldier was lost and saw that the soldier was forced to enter Wanping County. Japanese officers asked to lead a team into the city to search for the missing soldiers.
Qin Dechun immediately realized that this was the Japanese army provoking and immediately replied: "Lugou Bridge is Chinese territory. The Japanese army exercised in the place without our consent in advance. It has violated public international law and damaged our sovereignty. We cannot lose our soldiers.
Responsible, and the Japanese side is not allowed to go to the city for inspection. Thinking about the friendship between the two countries, we can wait for dawn to search for it on our behalf. If there are indeed Japanese soldiers, we will return it."
At 2 o'clock in the evening, Wei Zonghan called again, saying that the Japanese side was dissatisfied with the reply and forced to send a team to conduct inspections, otherwise the Japanese army would encircle the city. Qin Dechun thought that this matter might be an excuse made by the Japanese army and would probably lead to a disaster.
Immediately informed Commander Feng Zhi'an and Commander Ji Xingwen, who was stationed in Lugou Bridge, that he should be on guard and prepare for the fight. At the same time, he ordered Commander Ji to send someone to reconnaissance the dynamics of the enemy in Fengtai.
At 3:30 a.m., Ji Xingwen, the commander of the 219th Regiment, reported to Qin Dechun: "There is an appointment with a battalion of Japanese infantry, with four mountain cannons and machine guns, and is moving from Fengtai to Lugou Bridge. We have arranged the city defense properly."
Qin Dechun, who had been humiliated in front of the Japanese for a long time, did he not know that the Japanese devils were going to take action? His blood surged and he immediately ordered: "Defending territory is the duty of a soldier, and foreign war is the honor of our soldiers.
He told all the officers and soldiers of the regiment to sacrifice and struggle and hold their positions, and to use Wanping City and Lugou Bridge as the tomb of our army. One foot and one inch of the country should not be easily allowed!"
After issuing the order, Qin Dechun immediately notified Feng Zhi'an of the disposal and ordered the military staff to report to Commander Song Zheyuan quickly.
In order to consider the matter more thoroughly, Qin Dechun ordered Wanping County Magistrate Wang Lengzhai to quickly investigate the "missing" of the Japanese soldiers for handling. Wang Lengzhai notified Jin Zhenzhong, the battalion commander of the garrison in Wanping City, to investigate the guards.
Ming Dynasty, our army did not fire any guns, nor did it find any traces of the so-called missing soldiers.
At 4:50 p.m. at night, Mutaguchi Ryo also rushed to Lugou Bridge. He did not ask whether the lost soldiers had been retrieved. Although Shimizu Yaro deliberately concealed it, by this time, the captain Ichiki Kiyonaga already knew that the lost soldiers had returned.
It's news that no one cares about the truth of this group of aggressive bastards, because they don't need the truth, they just need to make excuses.
After Mutaguchi Ryo also arrived, he immediately ordered the artillery to prepare and launch a shelling attack on Wanping City without saying a word.
The artillery fire turned red in the night sky, and the Lugou Bridge Incident, which shocked China and abroad, began. From then on, the Chinese people began the years of national resistance. However, what happened to Mutaguchi Ryoya and the military headquarters, the Emperor and other Japanese militarists did not expect was to resist Japan.
The war did not end with the rapid victory of the Japanese invaders as they thought, but instead created the phoenix nirvana of the great Chinese nation. It was through the War of Resistance Against Japan that the Chinese nation was completely awakened and entered modern civilization. In the Communist Party of China
Under the leadership of the country, a brand new China, like the rising sun, has since stood in the east of the world.