The twenty-sixth year of the Republic of China, December 20, 1937.
The Supreme National Defense Conference of the Republic of China announced that General An Yi will resign as deputy chief of the General Staff with immediate effect due to "illness caused by years of overwork and overwork."
.In order to consolidate the hard-won victory in the war against Japan in the Third Theater, General Zhu Shaoliang, commander of the Ninth Group Army, temporarily acted as deputy commander of the theater, and the Ninth Army officially entered Songhu and Zhejiang.
At the same time, the Military Commission later stated that in order to strengthen the front-line defense of Songhu, elite troops were specially selected from various theaters to be stationed in Shanghai, including the 81st Army of the Guangxi Army, the New 27th Division of the Shanxi-Sui Army, and the New 36th Division of Pang Bingxun's Third Army.
Sun Lianzhong is the instructor of the First Army Corps.
All the major forces in the country were baffled when they heard the news. They didn't know what happened between Chiang Kai-shek and An Yi, and they all speculated on the inside story. Many international military observers believed that this was a way for Chiang Kai-shek to eliminate dissidents because of An Yi's outstanding achievements.
, all predicted that An Yi's power would disappear from the central stage.
On the 21st, the Nanjing National Government issued another announcement. In order to show that the central government attached great importance to the Mongolian issue, it appointed General Yin Jinan (lieutenant general plus general title) as Chairman of the Mongolian Provincial Government. After the Northern Expedition, the first Song
General Yin Jinan, who fought in the Battle of Shanghai and the Great Wall War, had extremely rich resources.
He had rich combat experience, and then studied in Germany for three years. His military and political abilities improved by leaps and bounds. After returning to China, he successively served as Chief of General Staff of the First Theater Zone and Director of the Nanchang Camp. With outstanding achievements, he was Chairman Chiang's favorite disciple. This time
Going to Mongolia to serve as provincial chairman is a real achievement.
This aggravated people's confusion and suspicion. The problem in Mongolia was complicated and involved the four forces of Japan, the Far East, Moscow and Manchuria. No one was optimistic about Yin Jinan, who was only in office. Most people believed that this was the central government's deliberate suppression of the direct lineage of the Anjia army.
Yin Jinan was clearly exiled.
The international situation these days is equally dizzying.
On the 17th, the Far East Republican Army unexpectedly defeated the Moscow Red Army in the decisive battle in Western Siberia. After gathering the troops trapped in the encirclement on the 19th, they quickly moved forward to seize the Urals before the reinforcements sent by Moscow.
Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk (today's Yekaterinburg) and other important cities along the mountain line.
After consolidating defense fortifications, on the 23rd, heavy snow fell on the long-drought Siberia, Far East, Kazakhstan, Russian plains and Ukrainian plains. Affected by this wave of cold air, my country's Mongolia, ***, Northeast and In North China, the temperature dropped sharply by 20 degrees. Even in the south of the Yangtze River, the two lakes, the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, there were falling snowflakes. Winter has finally arrived.
During this period, the indigenous riots in the Dutch East Indies intensified. On the densely populated Java Island, after the indigenous people successfully robbed the arsenal of the Dutch garrison, they marched into major cities in a mighty manner, killing colonial officials and law-and-order officers who blocked them.
White policemen, at least thousands of white people died in riots, and Japanese expatriates once again suffered widespread casualties. Only the Chinese organized armed self-defense forces, occupying strategic points in companies and residential areas, and exchanged fire with the indigenous people, forcing the other side to appear.
Retreat after suffering widespread casualties.
The Japanese government issued a notice on the 18th, expressing dissatisfaction with the ability of the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies to control the situation and requesting the Dutch authorities to dispatch troops to suppress the situation as soon as possible. Otherwise, the Japanese government and military will take decisive measures to defend the rights and interests of its expatriates.
The relationship between the Netherlands and Germany is still relatively good. During the last European War, an uprising broke out in Germany. The Kaiser fled to the neutral country of the Netherlands and was protected by the Dutch royal family. Later at the Versailles Conference, Britain, France, the United States and other countries wanted to put the Kaiser on trial for war crimes, but he was
When the Dutch government refused. In addition, the Kaiser and the Crown Prince supported Hitler and the Nazi Party in coming to power, and the Netherlands and Germany seemed to have deepened their ties.
The Nazi government has always promoted the great friendship between the Netherlands and Germany, believing that the two countries have consensus on many international affairs, and the German government is willing to conclude a long-term alliance with the Dutch government. However, the Dutch government, which is worried that Britain, France, and the United States will have allergic reactions, euphemistically
Declined the offer.
Therefore, the Dutch government, which is not too worried about homeland defense security, on the one hand warned the Japanese government that the riots in the Dutch East Indies were purely the internal affairs of the Netherlands. If they were dissatisfied with the killing of expatriates, they should not have immigrated to the Dutch East Indies in the first place.
, and dispatched a mixed fleet mainly composed of the cruiser "De Ruyter", loaded with 50,000 local troops, and sailed to the Dutch East Indies to suppress the rebellion.
Just when the Netherlands decisively chose to send troops, colonial officials in British India were so stimulated that they lost their cool due to a series of provocations such as the assassination of the governor, the murder of a large number of local officials, and the poisoning of the troops.
On the 16th, anti-Japanese demonstrations against the colonial government's unreasonable detention of Congress Party leaders and more than 200,000 party members broke out across India. Soon the military and police who were ordered to suppress them clashed with the anti-government troops. In the chaos,
, nearly a thousand military and police officers across the country were attacked by cold guns and stray bullets and died. Due to the high risk factor, the military and police later refused to intervene to suppress the incident.
Colonial officials, who were all in danger, the major European and American chaebols, and the survivors of monopoly trusts in India, after a simple discussion, decided to send troops to suppress it.
On the 18th, all the British troops stationed in India and the British-Indian troops were sent out. With the help of aircraft, artillery and tanks, they carried out bloody massacres and suppressions of the *** troops in various places. On the 18th alone,
There were more than 200,000 casualties across India, and a large number of families lost their loved ones in almost every region.
The bloody suppression by the colonial government made Indians finally realize the cruelty of British colonial rule. The radical Indian Youth League, the Indian Workers' and Peasants' Party and the Hindustan Republican Army successively issued notices calling on the people to unite and use revolutionary violence to deal with the violence of the colonists.
, a large-scale armed uprising broke out across India. Workers in steel plants and military factories killed senior factory managers who came to stop them.
Later, they worked overtime to produce weapons and ammunition and supplied them to the rebels free of charge. National autonomous governments with the leaders of the rebels as the main body were established in various places. However, this further stimulated the colonial officials, who immediately promulgated the "Emergency Powers Law" and the "Suppressive Powers Law" tit for tat.
** Act," "Order for the Suppression of Unlawful Incitement," "Order for the Suppression of Unlawful Assemblies," and "General Principles for Suppressing Rebellion and Suppressing Bandits," and the entire territory of India was plunged into flames of war.
The situation in Myanmar and Malaya is not optimistic either.
Myanmar is dominated by the Bamar people who believe in Theravada Buddhism, while Malaya is dominated by the Chinese who are not interested in politics. There should be no problems. But the problem is that the colonial government adopted the policy of using Indian officials and troops to manage the two places.
After the decision, the wave of armed uprisings sweeping across India soon spread to both places. British officials in the colonial government were worried that the Indian army would be bewitched by nationalists, so they ordered white soldiers to surround the Indian military camp and asked all Indian soldiers to lay down their weapons and wait for the incident.
Return to work after calming down.
However, there were terrifying rumors circulating among the Indian soldiers that the British wanted to shoot or bury all Indian soldiers alive to solve the problem once and for all. So, a situation arose. Almost all Indian soldiers raised their guns and resolutely resisted with force.
The Indian soldiers, who had an absolute numerical advantage, soon
The British soldiers who surrounded them fled. Then the Indian soldiers rushed out of the military camp and rushed to the British Army's station. After killing all the British soldiers, they rushed to the official residences of the colonial government and officials. The panicked colony
Officials disguised themselves and fled, causing chaos in social order and public order.
During this period, only the Chinese businesses and communities that had been mobilized in advance did not suffer any losses under the strong firepower of the Hongxing Society and the militia and self-defense forces. The other people, including whites, blacks and the local Bamar people, all suffered
Looted by rebels, the entire British colonial system almost collapsed.
Relatively speaking, the situation in the Philippines is better.
In June 1933, American Democrat Frank Murphy took office as the Governor-General of the Philippines. He was a devout Catholic and spent a lot of energy to eliminate the disastrous impact of the global economic crisis on the Philippines. At this time, American public opinion
Strongly in favor of Philippine independence, because if the Philippines were a direct colony of the United States, the Philippines would
Filipinos can freely immigrate to the United States and seize already tight jobs. At the same time, cheap agricultural products and sugar products from the Philippines will also seize the U.S. market. Therefore, public opinion overwhelmingly favors Philippine independence, so that the Philippines will no longer enjoy the same benefits as the United States.
The right to engage in free trade and be treated entirely as a foreign country.
On March 24, 1934, President Roosevelt signed the "Tydings-McDuffie Act", which stipulated that on July 4, 1936, the Republic of the Philippines would be formally established. From then on, Filipinos would be restricted from immigrating to the United States and the Philippines would be abolished
free trade rights, but the Philippines’ foreign affairs and defense are still controlled by the United States
In his hands, the President of the United States retains the power to approve and veto the constitution formulated by the Philippine government, and has the power to approve and veto the currency, coinage, and import and export trade bills. At the same time, the United States also retains the power to intervene in the internal affairs of the Philippines. In short,
The Philippines will emerge as a satellite country of the United States.
On May 14, 1935, a constitution similar to the U.S. Constitution was ratified by all citizens of the Philippines, and was officially promulgated and implemented in Manila that year. Frank Murphy, the former governor-general who worked hard to promote the independence of the Philippines, transformed into
He became the first high commissioner of the United States to the Philippines, Manuel Quezon was elected as the first president, and Osmena was the vice president.
After Quezon was elected President of the Philippines, he appointed General MacArthur, the former Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army and current commander of the U.S. Military District in Manila, as the government's military adviser and formally established the Philippine Army. By December this year, six Philippine divisions had been organized.
Because it is covered by a national autonomous government, the Philippine government has much better control than the British and Dutch colonial governments.
However, the conflicts in the Philippines did not improve with the establishment of the Quezon regime. As the United States began to impose high tariffs on Philippine industrial and agricultural products, industrial and agricultural products lost their competitiveness in the US market. Many farmers and factories
The owner went bankrupt, and a large number of workers lost their jobs and became beggars.
At the same time, due to the large rural landowners and powerful people openly occupying land, or using loan sharking and other methods to rob the land, land annexation became more and more rampant. In the second half of 2007, the vast majority of farmers lost their land and became sharecroppers and sharecroppers.
If the farm laborers cannot pay the rent, they will be expelled from the leased land unconditionally, and the government will also impose additional penalties of hard labor and fines. The contradiction is extremely acute.
The uprising in the Philippines, driven by thoughtful people, was launched simultaneously in many places in the Philippines on December 16. Left-wing parties and organizations such as the "Philippine Workers Association", "Tang Wulan", and "Sardar Party",
Led the workers and peasants who had joined forces in advance to capture
The arsenal and police station then gathered at the government building, killed local officials and congressmen, and seized the city defense fortress. In just a few days, more than 20 cities across the Philippines sent electricity to declare an uprising, establish a workers' and peasants' democratic regime, and fight against the local tyrants.
Divide the land and advocate equality for everyone.
The foundation of the Quezon regime's rule was the landlords, bourgeoisie and intellectuals. The uprising of workers and peasants would shake the stability of the current government's rule. Therefore, under MacArthur's suggestion, there was no extravagant hope of peaceful dialogue, but immediately sent troops to carry out ruthless suppression.
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After all, he was the chief of general staff. MacArthur organized the troops well. With the help of the US military stationed in the Philippines, the Philippine army, which used American equipment and training, concentrated its forces and defeated them one by one. From Manila, the capital of the Philippines, either by boat or on foot.
, rushed to all parts of the country, with overwhelming momentum along the way, the workers' and peasants' regimes failed one after another, and the blood of revolutionaries stained the earth red.
Although the entire Philippines is still in a state of chaos and disorder, due to the effective measures of the government and the strong combat effectiveness of the army, with the revolutionary regimes in disarray, it is only a matter of time that the rebellion is finally suppressed.
Unlike the situation in the Netherlands, the British colonies and the Philippines, the situation in French Annan was unusually stable.
On the 16th, although some people deliberately provoked a certain degree of riots in various parts of Annan, under the strong suppression of the French army and the Annan army, everything returned to calm, people went about their daily routines, and everything was orderly. The situation was so good that
I heard about riots and riots in other colonies.
The French colonial officials who saw the incidents of beating, smashing, looting, burning and killing people at will also found it incredible. After much deliberation, they could only attribute it to the fact that most of the people in Annan were devout Buddhists and were not easily tempted and bewitched. They could not help but have feelings for the British and the Dutch
The colonial officials took pleasure in their misfortunes.
...
Under this circumstance, the Japanese Navy and Army began to secretly implement the "Thunder and Lightning Plan" formulated by Kanji Ishihara, who had served as the Chief of Staff of the Japanese Army.
Because Emperor Hirohito was worried that the British, French, American, Dutch and other congresses would settle the responsibilities of himself and the royal family after Japan failed to go south, he issued an edict to have Prince Kaninnomiya and Prince Fushiminomiya resign from their positions as Chief of Staff and Chief of Military Command.
To show his innocence. Later, at the suggestion of the two princes and through secret discussions at the base camp, Ishihara Kanji was unexpectedly promoted and appointed by the emperor as chief of staff to take charge of army operations.
At the same time, the former Commander of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Nagano Osamu, became the Supreme Commander of the Navy. After secret contact with Ishihara Kanji, Nagano Osamu strongly agreed with his plan to go south. After negotiating with Mitsumasa Yoneuchi and Hyakutake who advocated compromise with the United States, Britain and France, Nagano Osamu became the supreme commander of the Navy.
During Gengo's competition for the Minister of Military Command, he wrote "Imperial Marine under the Current Situation" based on Kanji Ishihara's theory.
"The attitude that the military should adopt", expounding his views on the theory of national subjugation without oil in one year and the theory of two years of war, advocating that we should go south to seize the oil and industrial bases of the Dutch East Indies, and even go to war with the United States if necessary. See
Someone in the navy held the same view as Kanji Ishihara, who was touted as the world's god of war. Emperor Hirohito appointed Nagano Shushen among the three contenders.
After discussing with Kanji Ishihara, Nagano Shushen appointed Isoroku Yamamoto as the commander of the combined fleet. He was promoted from rear admiral to admiral and was fully responsible for the southward movement. Admiral Mitsumasa Yoneuchi, the Prime Minister of the Navy, who originally formed an alliance with Yamamoto Isoroku, felt that
He was deceived and resigned angrily. Immediately afterwards, the principal of the Naval School, the head of the Naval Aviation Headquarters and the commander-in-chief of the Yokosuka garrison and Lieutenant General Shiro Kawako were appointed as maritime ministers, and Mitsumasa Yoneuchi was assigned to the reserve force.
In order to ensure that the orders of the general staff were carried out completely and without error, Ishihara Kanji passed the cabinet meeting and transferred his supporters Seishiro Itagaki to serve as land minister, and Kenji Doihara to serve as deputy chief of staff and principal of the Army Noncommissioned Officer School, establishing a strict military order.
The supervision agency "Doihara Agency" has staff officers in each division, brigade, and regiment to prevent middle- and lower-level staff officers from "offending superiors" and interfering with the political decision-making of the base camp.
On the night of the 17th, taking advantage of the attention of the European and American powers, which were drawn to the rebellions in various colonies, a fleet of twenty-four 10,000-ton merchant ships quietly crossed the Strait of Malacca and entered the Indian Ocean. In the early morning of the 18th, they were
Groups of people were dropped off via landing craft in coastal areas such as Dumai, Bangko, Rili, and Yide on the east coast of Sumatra.
The fleet went all the way north to Kutachara (Aceh) at the northern end of Sumatra Island, then turned south and continued to dispatch troops to important locations along the west coast of Sumatra Island. By the morning of the 19th, all important locations on the entire coast of Sumatra Island
, all left behind are powerful teams composed of the Sumatran Brigade of the Pig Tut Special Attack Brigade, the Ninja Special Attack Brigade, the Indonesian Japanese Brigade, the Sixth Division, the Seventeenth Division and six independent mixed brigades drawn from the North China battlefield.
Combat Team.
The Japanese army still adopted the tactics they adopted during the battle in eastern Zhejiang. All troops wore the uniforms of the indigenous troops organized by the Dutch colonial government. The Indonesian Japanese brigade, which was proficient in various local dialects, deceived the garrison's attention or
It was the Japanese who sneaked into the town and suddenly launched an attack. The Japanese troops who were ready to attack quickly broke through. After entering the town, they occupied the military camp, telephone office and telegraph office first. Every place they controlled, they strictly controlled the information and used the Dutch colonial government to catch the rebels.
In the name of terrorists and terrorists, residents are prohibited from moving around.
By the night of the 21st, the Japanese army had successively taken control of important oil-producing areas in Sumatra. The capital of Sumatra, Palembang City, which had a complete petroleum industry chain from oil wells to refineries and chemical plants, also fell under a covert and sudden attack by the Japanese army.
After successfully taking control of Sumatra, the Japanese army once again used the same tactics and secretive special operations methods to successfully capture almost all the oil fields, refining centers and port cities in Borneo (today's Kalimantan), while ignoring the rest of the country.
Knowing that the indigenous rebels still occupy the military barracks and colonial government buildings in the town, it will not be too late to wait until the Dutch and colonial troops on Java Island are finished to attack these indigenous people who do not know that the disaster is coming.
At 8 a.m. on the 24th, just as politicians from Britain, France, the Netherlands, the United States and other countries were getting ready for Christmas, the Japanese government’s ambassador in Amsterdam, Kenji Kobayashi, formally submitted his credentials to the Dutch government:
In view of the Dutch government's inability to properly resolve the massacre of Japanese nationals at the hands of natives of the Lanyin Islands, the Japanese government decided to send troops to launch punitive attacks in the above areas to protect the personal and property safety of Japanese nationals. From this moment on, the Japanese government and the Dutch government
Since then, it has been in a state of war.
Japan's sudden declaration of war against the Netherlands shocked the whole world, especially Britain, France, the United States and other countries. They found it unbelievable. A question flashed in their minds: Are the Japanese crazy?
The Japanese were not crazy. The combined fleet had already sailed south from Hainan Island under the command of Isoroku Yamamoto. Taking advantage of the fact that European and American countries were focusing their attention on the Ural front line of the Soviet Civil War and the rebellion of the Southeast Asian indigenous people, they concealed their whereabouts and crossed China.
of the South China Sea and enters the Java Sea.
The Japanese government has just declared war on the Netherlands. More than 200 fighter planes from four aircraft carriers have already visited the sky above Java Island, attacking port cities and important military targets such as Batavia (Jakarta), Andretan, Krachen and Surabaya.
There was a heavy bombing.
The center of the Dutch East Indies is Java Island. Fifty million of the 70 million people live on Java Island. The remaining 20 million people, including more than 10 million Chinese immigrants, are scattered in Borneo.
On islands such as Sumatra and Sulawesi, most of the Chinese are engaged in industrial and agricultural production under the organizations of the Ou Shi Consortium, Hongxing Society and Nanhua Group.
There are about five million Chinese in Java. Different from the Chinese on other islands, they have all settled in Java for several generations. They generally own their own industries, and there are many who are worth millions or tens of millions.
Representing the colonial rule of the Dutch East Indies, the Governor-General's Palace of Lanyin, commerce, culture and other institutions are all concentrated on the island of Java. The area of this island is equivalent to one-third of the mainland of Japan. The army stationed by the Netherlands and the army formed locally in the colony
Ninety percent of them are all concentrated here. As long as the garrison on Java is eliminated, the East Indies will naturally fall under Japan's control.
The Japanese naval aviation carried out non-stop saturation bombing on Java Island, destroying only 92 fighter planes of the Dutch Air Force stationed in Java, as well as a large number of unmanned artillery batteries. At this time, although Java Island was still in a state of disorder caused by indigenous riots
However, due to the bloody suppression of the Dutch army and the colonial army, the major cities have returned to calm. The religious Dutch officers and soldiers have begun to prepare for Christmas. The airports, forts and positions are deserted, and the defenses are lax, which is surprising.
incredible.
Seventy-two transport ships carrying five Japanese Army divisions and eight independent mixed brigades southward (a total of 100 transport ships, and the other 28 ships were divided into other locations for landing) broke into Banten Bay (Jakarta Bay),
Prepare to log in.
Amid the powerful artillery fire from the Japanese navy's destroyers and cruisers, the Dutch navy sent a suicide squad consisting of twenty-two torpedo boats, which broke through the battleships' guard and sank four transport ships, including the ship of the commander, General Koichi Ishikawa.
The ship tilted under the second torpedo attack, throwing Ishikawa Koichi off the deck and falling into the sea water. The heavy oil spilled from the capsized ship floated on the sea surface, covering Ishikawa Koichi's body with black oil.
Fortunately, the rescue boat rescued him in time, and Ishikawa Koichi turned the corner and changed ships to continue directing the landing operations.
As early as when the fighter planes carried out coverage bombing on Java Island, the six Dutch destroyers docked in the port sensed that the situation was not good, rushed out of the port area and fled, rendezvousing with the main fleet cruising outside.
Without the threat of Dutch warships, the subsequent offensive went very smoothly. Ishikawa Koichi commanded the troops and quickly seized the beachhead position in Banten Bay. After consolidating the defense, he quickly launched an attack on Batavia City.
At the same time, the landing operations launched by the Japanese army at other locations on Java Island were extremely smooth and did not encounter any resistance. The safe landing of more than 200,000 troops was a result that even the most optimistic people could not dream of before departure.
Before sunset on the 24th, the central group composed of five elite divisions and two independent mixed brigades of the Japanese army successfully captured Batavia. However, the Dutch and colonial forces, Governor Stahower and the Dutch Army, successfully captured Batavia.
Commander-in-chief Lieutenant General Prutian fled to Bandung with his defeated army and colonial officials, trying to build a solid defense system relying on Bandung's comprehensive fortress positions and artillery positions distributed in the hills, waiting for the arrival of reinforcements from the Netherlands.
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The situation in Nanyang was turbulent, which created favorable conditions for An's army to move south.