On April 20, the second year of the Second Year of the Qin Dynasty, Hu Hai, the second emperor of the Qin Dynasty, issued a series of edicts covering all aspects of the Qin Dynasty, including laws, people's livelihood, taxation, land, etc.
These edicts will continue to influence the Qin Dynasty in the next few decades or even nearly a hundred years. And this day will also be called the "Second New Deal" in the history of later generations!
The first edict was to inform the world and the people of the news that Concubine De and Concubine Shu were pregnant with the emperor's son at the same time.
The young Emperor of Great Qin has an heir, which is a great joy for all the old Qin tribes who care about Great Qin. Therefore, as soon as the edict came out, the common people of Old Qin all over the world were excited.
It was only a short day from the time Hu Hai convened the ministers to discuss and then issued the edict. Therefore, it was obviously impossible for everyone to reach a consensus in this day.
Fortunately, there were two unborn sons, and Hu Hai considered them to be sons. The important officials in the court did not argue with Hu Hai. Although they had different opinions, they focused more on how to perfect and like to issue edicts to the world.
thoughts of the young emperor.
In terms of law, combined with the "severe punishment law" previously abolished by Hu Hai and the practice of punishing the Nine Tribes, Hu Hai once again abolished the Lien Li Fa and the three Yi tribes, and proposed the practice of "virtue as the mainstay and punishment as the supplement". That is, the main focus is on educating the people.
, supplemented by punishment.
Hu Hai proposed the idea of governing the country for the first time. In terms of the idea of governing the country, Hu Hai used legislation to establish that the Qin Dynasty would mainly rule the country by law, supplemented by the ideas of various schools such as Confucianism and Taoism, and encouraged the various schools of the Qin Dynasty to adopt an eclectic approach.
At the same time, Hu Hai put forward the requirement to re-formulate the laws of the Qin Dynasty on the basis of the six chapters of the "Book of Laws" formulated by Li Kui, a representative figure of the Warring States Legalists, regarding the various laws of the Qin Dynasty.
The six chapters of the "Book of Laws" formulated by Li Kui include theft law, thieves' law, net law, arrest law, miscellaneous laws, and specific laws. Based on this, Hu Hai proposed criminal laws (including the criminalization of theft, thieves, arrests, etc.
and sentencing), civil laws (which stipulate people's behavior, property, etc., similar to later civil laws, and the people's rights part is naturally missing), local laws (land protection, land cultivation, land sales, etc.), household laws (household registration management, marriage system and
There are six major laws: tax collection), Xinglu (mainly stipulating the collection and distribution of corvees, city defense and defense) and Stanglu (mainly stipulating cattle and horse husbandry and postal transmission).
These six major laws are the general laws. Many people, including Li You, Feng Quji, and hundreds of schools of thought in the Royal Academy, are working day and night to improve the sentencing and other aspects of each law.
In addition to these six general laws, there are also national laws (conviction and sentencing of secession, treason, etc.), military laws (recruitment, regulations, and sentencing of soldiers of the Qin Dynasty), commercial laws (positioning of merchants, collection of commercial taxes, sentencing, and everything else)
Matters related to commercial activities), knightly laws (the conferment of titles, obligations, rights, and sentencing), official laws (mainly the sentencing of officials for corruption and bribery), and industrial laws (engineering work, protection and sentencing of craftsmen).
List of laws.
Among them, Hu Hai was not the first to propose three laws: national laws, military laws, and official laws. Among the numerous and diverse laws in the Qin Dynasty, they basically cover all aspects of social activities. Therefore, Hu Hai now has to do
The purpose is to reorganize and classify these various laws with severe penalties, and then differentiate and impose penalties, and then revise them.
In addition to these twelve major laws, there are also nine small categories of laws scattered here and there such as the Cang Law and the Water Law.
Thirty-three laws formed the general outline of Daqin's laws after Hu Hai's re-planning.
In addition to these thirty-three laws, Hu Hai issued a separate edict to the world, restating the laws on unifying carriage tracks, writing, weights and measures, and the punishment for private coinage. The penalty for private coinage can be said to have been re-established by Hu Hai
Among the laws of the Qin Dynasty, the most stringent one punished the three tribes.
The importance of coins to an empire is self-evident. People who are greedy for profit will often take risks because of their own interests. In this case, they can only use heavy punishment and kill until no one dares to do so.
When Hu Hai issued an edict to the world, it was just a general outline. In the following three years, Hu Hai announced the detailed rules of a law and legal questions and answers (on the law) in January.
In the form of interpretation of clauses), the new Daqin laws were gradually implemented on a nationwide trial basis.
In addition to the general outline of the thirty-three laws, Hu Hai once again declared to the world that all people in Da Qin would be exempted from taxes for three years. This tax exemption for three years targeted all Da Qin including the four counties of Xinjian Pingyi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang.
Counties and counties, instead of just targeting all parts of Guanzhong as before.
Along with tax exemptions, there were also incentives for land reclamation and population birth. These measures were basically in accordance with the previous edicts issued by Hu Hai to the people of Guanzhong, but the targets were changed from several counties in Guanzhong to the entire Daqin.
People from ten counties.
In addition to these, papermaking was also included in Hu Hai's edict. This edict informed the whole world in detail about the various techniques and processes of papermaking, obviously encouraging noble families and common people to build their own papermaking workshops. At the same time, thousands of people
The remaining craftsmen of Shangfang began to go to various places in the southeast, northwest and northwest of Daqin. They would go to dozens of counties in Daqin. With the support of the governors, they would build papermaking workshops to supply the needs of the people all over the world.
In just seven days, these edicts were delivered to every county in Da Qin through the channels of Longwei Mansion and Heibingtai. Heibingtai and Longwei Mansion have now spread to every county in Da Qin, but most of them
They are all still in large cities governed by counties, or in some remote cities, and have not yet established strongholds.
The use of homing pigeons and homing eagles gave Hu Hai the fastest channel. However, after frequent use, homing eagles and homing pigeons gradually began to expose their flaws. This is a story later.
Among these edicts, the most critical ones are Shangfang, Shangjifu, and Zhisu Neishifu. The Yushifu recruits craftsmen in the counties of Daqin to establish county schools and county schools. The Yushifu supervises the world and selects talents for the emperor.
With both talents, he was sent to the Royal Academy to study two things.
Hu Hai led Shangfang, Shangji Prefecture, Zhisu Neishi Prefecture, and Yushi Prefecture to build county schools and county schools. He chose to have the imperial court take the lead from top to bottom instead of directly ordering each county and county to do this.
The problem is that they are worried that counties and counties will use the relationship between building county schools and county schools to rip off the people.
With these four prefectures taking the lead, supplemented by county governors and county magistrates, although it will consume some manpower from the four prefectures, it is also a helpless move. What's more, through this incident, the Yushi Prefecture can see that these four
Which people in the house can be used, and which people cannot be used.
There will be reasons for the abolition in the future, right?
Whether it is the establishment of county schools and county schools, or the selection of young people of appropriate age to study in the Royal Academy by the Imperial Palace, in the final analysis, it is Hu Hai who is preparing for the implementation of the system of selecting officials through the imperial examination. If the imperial examination can be implemented, then the subsequent reform of the official system will also be
It's a matter of course.
The formation of the imperial examination and the reform of the official system were as important to Da Qin as fighting another battle for unification. The only difference is that this time Hu Hai will not face the survivors of the Six Kingdoms, but the aristocratic group that has already formed in Da Qin
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The people of the entire Qin Dynasty were excited about it.
For example, the Thirty-Three General Laws, without the details coming out, can be said to have minimal impact on the people. What really makes the people happy is the exemption of taxes and labor, the encouragement of childbirth, and the development of wasteland.
Behind the joy of the people, there was a bloodless fight in the Qin court.
After much consideration, Hu Haiyun proposed the idea of reforming the official system at the Xiaochao meeting. As expected, he was opposed by almost all important officials in the court, including Feng Quji and Li You.
Among them, only Ying Teng has not spoken yet.
Indeed, except for Ying Teng who holds the position of Zongzheng of Zongzheng Mansion and the governor of Neishi County, basically no one in the Ying family can enter the Great Qin Court, let alone those counties below.
The official system implemented in the Qin Dynasty, the Three Gongs and Nine Ministers, is the topmost building. Below them are the county guards, county supervisors, and county lieutenants, and below that are the county magistrates. The county magistrates are also the lowest level in the official system of the Qin Dynasty.
In Da Qin's system of counties and counties, the county governor is a county chief. Most of the border areas are military generals, and the interior is mostly served by Lang Guan, with a silver seal and green ribbon, and a rank of two thousand stones. In the current system of Da Qin, the county governor has very great power. In addition to being controlled by the court,
Except for the county magistrate who is directly appointed and removed, the censor who is responsible for supervising the county administration, and the county lieutenant who is responsible for commanding the garrison and managing public security, other county officials are appointed and removed by the county governor on his own initiative.
Although it is said that the power of appointing county magistrates lies with the court, the recommendation of county magistrates accounts for the vast majority. In other words, the court often chooses who to be county magistrate based on the recommendation of county magistrates.
According to the current official system of the Qin Dynasty, that is, all official positions, from the Sangong and Jiuqing down to the county magistrate and county magistrate, need to be personally evaluated and appointed by the emperor before they can take office.
Originally this was a move by the First Emperor to strengthen his imperial power. After all, all power was under the control of the Emperor, so that the First Emperor could feel at ease. However, today's Great Qin is no longer the original vassal state in Guanzhong, with only a few counties in the country, and no more than dozens or hundreds of counties.
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After unifying the world, the Qin Dynasty already had thirty-six counties under its jurisdiction. After a series of changes in the later period of the First Emperor, there were as many as forty-six counties. Among these counties, there were as few as five or six counties, and as many as
There are more than ten counties; small counties can range from one county to two or three counties. The total number is not a small number.
With so many county governments, how could the First Emperor have the time to pay attention to how to appoint a small county magistrate? Who should be selected to be competent?
Therefore, in the final analysis, most of these county magistrates are actually elected by the county governor.
And where did the county governor come from?
Although the county governor was also appointed by the Emperor of Qin, in addition to the people selected by the emperor, the remaining candidates were naturally divided among the three nobles and nobles of the Qin Dynasty. For example, Li Si's son Li You was originally from Sanchuan County.
The governor of Chongjun in Da Qin. (To be continued. Please search Piao Tian Literature, the novel will be better and updated faster!)