Can men and women study together in the Song Dynasty?
The answer is yes.
However, most of them were private schools. During the Xuanhe period, a talented woman wrote a poem, "When I was young and my cousin was in the same class, I was elegant and good at writing." It was about this hazy love affair.
But is it possible that it is not a private school?
There are records in Song Dynasty people's notes that ordinary people's daughters went to school to study with their men.
For example, it is recorded in the Drunkard's Tale that a wealthy family sent his daughter to a school in order to facilitate the recruitment of his son-in-law.
If the above is still a joke, then in the Southern Song Dynasty, an official named Zhang Youqian and the girl next door Luo Xi were classmates, secretly fell in love with each other and finally got married. This is history.
When Zhang Yue saw the girl, he couldn't help but have some expectations in his heart, but he suddenly lost his mind when he saw the tall servants following the girl.
You can also bring your own bodyguard to study.
After speaking, Guo Xuexue turned to Zhang Yue and Guo Lin said: "This is Miao Sanniang!"
But seeing the woman timidly approaching Zhang Yue, Guo Lin saluted and said, "Hello, gentlemen!"
"Hello, Third Lady!" The two of them saluted quickly.
Guo Xuexuan coughed lightly and said, "Although Sanniang is younger than you, she is no less knowledgeable than you. She mainly focuses on arithmetic."
Zhang Yue knew that although it was not uncommon for men and women to study together in the Song Dynasty, the focus was different. Women mostly came to school to learn literacy, and the most important thing was to learn accounting, so that they could take care of the family and manage the family property in the future.
It seems that Li Zheng had this intention in sending his three girls to school.
"Guo Lin, you have learned a lot. You can teach him first. If you don't understand, then ask me." After saying this, Guo Xuequ walked away.
Guo Lin was left with a stunned look on his face.
Because I don’t know how to do it at all.
There was an extra cedar chair in the hut, and the servant who came with Miao Sanniang was standing outside the door, holding a waist knife in his hand from time to time, and casting a wary look into the house from time to time.
When Zhang Yue saw this, he immediately looked at his eyes, nose and heart.
Miao Sanniang took out a book from her bag, which surprised both Zhang Yue and Guo Lin. She actually had a textbook, and was a member of the "book-owning class" that made them jealous.
Then Miao Sanniang took out a neatly carved bamboo stick from her bag, and then waved the bamboo stick back and forth in front of the book.
Zhang Yue and Guo Lin glanced at each other and continued reading.
About half an hour later, Miao Sanniang asked Guo Lin: "Guo Dalangjun...can I ask you for advice?"
Guo Lin raised his head, saw the other person's face, and said in a daze: "Um, what's the problem?"
Zhang Yue thought to himself that Guo Lin, despite his honest appearance, was actually a sultry person. At this moment, he might even have thought of the name of his child.
"Today there is a section of ox horn field. The horn is sixteen steps long and the mouth is six steps wide. How big is the field?"
Fujian is mountainous, so the cultivated fields are irregular in the east and in the west. Niujiao fields are fields with a narrow and long shape. The Confucian classics of the Song Dynasty were a little too divorced from reality, while arithmetic was too practical and focused only on solving problems.
The daily life problems of ordinary people.
"This...this...let me try..."
After a while, Zhang Yue had made the calculation, but Guo Lin took a piece of paper and scribbled for a long time, then said: "One hundred and fourteen steps."
"Thank you, Mr. Dalang, for clarifying my doubts."
Guo Lindao said: "We all call ourselves brothers. I was the first to arrive, so..."
Miao Sanniang nodded and said sweetly: "Elder brother."
Guo Lin nodded sheepishly.
Miao Sanniang said again: "Brother, there is a dike that is two feet wide at the bottom, eight feet wide at the top, four feet high, and 12 feet seven feet wide. How much is the area?"
Guo Lin calculated for a while, and then asked without confidence: "The plot is five thousand six hundred and twenty-one feet."
Miao Sanniang took a look at the book, shook her head and said, "That's not right."
Guo Lin was so embarrassed that he wanted to crawl into the ground and said, "Otherwise, you can ask Junior Brother Zhang, he is very good at arithmetic."
Guo Lin remembered that Zhang Yue wanted to teach him how to calculate scriptures.
Miao Sanniang turned her head to look at Zhang Yue, but saw that he was reciting the meaning of the sutra without any distractions.
Miao Sanniang hesitated for a moment and shouted: "Two..."
Zhang Yue, who was studying, quickly interrupted: "My surname is Zhang, and I am the third in the family. You can just call me Senior Brother Zhang!"
It turns out that he had heard this earlier.
Miao Sanniang couldn't help but pursed her lips and smiled, and then thought, he didn't let me call him second senior brother. Could it be that he meant that he and I were generally ranked third?
This man is very rude, but he seems to be doing well.
"Is there a problem?"
Miao Sanniang's face turned slightly red and she immediately said: "Yes, Senior Brother Zhang, this question..."
"Seven thousand one hundred and twelve feet!" Zhang Yue finished his answer.
This time, it was Miao Sanniang's turn to be confused. She looked at the book and was surprised: "Brother Zhang, you haven't..."
"When I heard your question just now, I already thought about it."
"Have you calculated it? But senior brother, you didn't use pen and paper, nor did you calculate chips."
Zhang Yue looked helpless and uttered two words: "Mental arithmetic!"
"Is this okay? But that's not what the book says."
"give it to me!"
Seeing Zhang Yue extending his hand, Miao Sanniang quickly handed the book over to him.
Simple, simple, too simple, give me ten questions like this!
Zhang Yue subconsciously pushed the tip of his nose, but realized that he had forgotten to wear his glasses, which made him feel a little imperfect.
"In the words of the book, there are two broad areas in the pit. First, they were combined and halved to form the middle wide area. Now we get the middle wide area, so it is doubled to become the two wide areas. Therefore, after subtracting the upper wide area, the remaining area is the lower wide area.
.”
"But don't go to such trouble. Just remember that the trapezoid formula is the upper base plus the lower base multiplied by the height divided by two. All calculations of trapezoidal products can be incorporated into it."
"Still don't understand? Well, add the upper wide plus the lower wide and divide by two, then multiply by the height, and finally multiply by the breadth, that's it! You can do the math yourself!"
Miao Sanniang listened for a long time, but felt that she heard every word Zhang Yue said clearly, but why didn't she understand?
Zhang Yue looked at her dull expression and couldn't help but ask: "How many years have you been studying Confucian arithmetic? You have to remember it well. When you run a family in the future, Confucian arithmetic will come in handy all the time. For example, these fields, analogies, multiplication and division,
Merchants, corn, servants, and wages are all useful. If you don’t understand this, how can you be the head of the family in the future?"
"Me? Me? Me?" Miao Sanniang's ears were red. She was ashamed and angry at the moment. What do you mean by your words? When will I be the mother of the family? What about me being the matriarch of the family?
What does it have to do with you?
"Thank you, Senior Brother Zhang."
Miao Sanniang returned to the table in a depressed manner and began to move the chips.
???
Did I say something wrong somewhere? Zhang Yue showed this expression.
Guo Lin shook his head and showed an expression that said, "You deserve it that no beautiful woman falls in love with you."
In fact, Zhang Yue just did it on purpose. He wanted to leave the impression of being a top student in front of Guo Lin and girls, and then hit her gently with words, so that Miao Sanniang would not have anything to do to ask him about his homework and interrupt his thoughts.
It sounds a bit selfish, but girls are not as important as their own studies.
Aren’t they just singles? There is Yan Ruyu in the book!
The junior sister's arrival was just an interlude and did not interrupt Zhang Yue's homework.
Zhang Yue's homework, and now that Guo Xuexuan saw Zhang Yue's homework of copying the Classic of Filial Piety and the Analects of Confucius, he felt that there was a lot of room for improvement in his calligraphy, so he asked him to practice one calligraphy piece every day.
What Guo Xuexun taught Zhang Yue was the Eight Methods of Yong Zi.
It sounds very mysterious, but it’s actually just practicing the word “yong” over and over again.
Although the character Yong has only five strokes, it contains eight characters including dots, horizontal strokes, and vertical strokes, covering all changes in calligraphy. Therefore, it is said that writing a single word "Yong" can cover all. And the first character in Lanting's preface is the character Yong.
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The eight methods of Yongzi have also become a good way for beginners to get started with calligraphy.
Today Zhang Yue's homework is to write one hundred Yong characters.
In his previous life, Zhang Yue also learned a section of calligraphy and copied the Lingfei Sutra, but his level was only the same.
It can be said that the poetry, songs and articles of the Tang and Song Dynasties have reached a height that is difficult to reach in future generations. The same is true for calligraphy, especially in regular script, which can be said to be the pinnacle.
Chen Yinke once said that the culture of the Chinese nation has evolved over thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song dynasties. After that, it gradually declined, but will eventually revive.
This is the evaluation of later generations. From a utilitarian point of view, having a good calligraphy will be a great bonus for the future. Several officials in the Song Dynasty were calligraphy enthusiasts. It is absolutely indispensable to have a good calligraphy in the court in the future.
of.
Zhang Yue followed Guo Xuexue's teachings and had to put aside everything he had learned in the past and learn to write the word "Yong" stroke by stroke from scratch.
From researching ink to putting pen to paper, there is a set of rules and regulations.
In the previous generation, Zhang Yue learned calligraphy through extracurricular tutoring classes, using ink, but now he must start by studying ink.
But seriously speaking, if you really want to learn calligraphy, ink grinding is better than ink.
Grind the ink first before starting to write. Grinding the ink is like grinding your heart.
The speed of grinding the ink will affect the final strokes. Therefore, some scholars would grind the ink for thirty or forty minutes before writing. Rich people would leave this task to the bookboys. In the Song Dynasty, who studied in these days?
There is no book boy in the family yet.
After the ink is polished, the pen is dipped in the ink, the pen is picked and shaped, and then the pen is put on the paper.
Of course, before writing on paper, Zhang Yue had to go to the sand with branches and practice writing hundreds of words. He had a rough idea in his mind, and everything was based on economical conservation.
After practicing, Zhang Yuefang returned to the fir table and pressed the four corners of the paper with pebbles to prevent the words from slipping. When writing, he should follow the rules, and he should not follow the rules completely, but he should go in the direction of making the paper wider and wider.
One hundred words is not much, but the difficulty is to be slow and to use all your heart. After writing like this for several days, my fingers and palms are very sore, but it is clear whether a word has been written carefully. Although Zhang Yue takes a nap during the day, he is still writing.
I don't dare to be lazy at all in my efforts.
Finally, you must wash your pen after writing. The more you put it under the faucet in the previous chapter, it was almost like washing a mop...
A discerning scholar would buy a pen and wash, but Zhang Yue only had a flat-bottomed bowl.
The water used to wash the pen should just cover the tip of the pen. Soak it for a while before washing it. The ink in the pen belly must be washed away before washing. Guo Xuexun will check. If Zhang Yue does not wash it well, he will wash it again himself.
Zhang Yue studied at Guo Xuequu, and his food and accommodation, as well as the four treasures of his study, were all included in Shuxiu.
Guo Xuexiu was stingy to the extreme when it came to food, food and accommodation, but he was not stingy with pen, ink, paper and inkstones, using only the best things. He just repeatedly told Zhang Yue to cherish paper, words, pen and ink, and scholars must first start with respect when reading.
Let’s start with paper writing and the Four Treasures of the Study. Firstly, these are really expensive, and secondly, when studying, we must first start with respect.
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