Chapter 19 Jinshi Science and Zhuke (Thanks to the book friend Ji Qiu)
In the dog days of summer in Fujian, the sky and the earth are like steamers.
It was only the morning, the sun was not high, and when I came back from a short walk, I was covered in sweat.
In the hut where Zhang Yue and the others studied, the windows were all wide open, but the heat was still overwhelming.
In the afternoon, Guo Lin and Miss Miao were still sitting in the thatched hut reading. Zhang Yue couldn't bear the heat, so he asked a lame slave to borrow a piece of bamboo and moved it to a tree shaded by pine trees, where he set up a mosquito net to rest.
After Zhang Yue slept happily for an hour or two under the forest at noon, he did not go back to the hut to study, but went to the stream to drink water.
Zhang Yue soaked his whole body in the cold stream, and suddenly felt that he was exhausted by the sun, and now he was full of energy. After Zhang Yue swam by the stream for nearly half an hour, when most of the heat had dissipated, he put on his clothes
I took off my clothes and walked back to the thatched cottage with my shoes and socks on my bare feet.
At this time, Zhang Yue couldn't help but chuckle when he saw Guo Lin being tortured into a state of disgrace.
On weekdays, Guo Lin could wear short shirts or middle coats when studying in the hut, but when Miao Sanniang was around, he had to wear long shirts and shoes, and he had to wear them tightly, not showing any skin except his face.
Even if Guo Lin wanted to take it off, he wouldn't dare because the tall servant outside was watching.
It was still bright at this time, and Miao Sanniang had already packed her bags and prepared to go home with her servants.
Zhang Yue didn't know that Miao Sanniang and Guo Lin had such a conversation in the room today.
In the hut, Miao Sanniang couldn't help but be a little surprised when she saw Zhang Yue in the distance with his hands as a pillow, his legs on stilts, wearing a short shirt with his belly exposed, only covered by a cattail leaf fan, and then sleeping under the forest.
"Senior Brother Zhang, he sleeps during the day?"
Guo Lin on the side was shaking a cattail leaf fan and holding a piece of paper while sweating like rain. He heard what Miao Sanniang said and replied: "Junior brother, he has always been like this."
"The days are short in winter and the nights are long. As soon as it gets dark, you have to turn on the lights. If you don't study in summer, how long will you wait?"
Guo Lindao: "Although junior brother is a bit lazy, his talent is beyond our reach."
"How smart?"
"Junior sister, how many days did you memorize the Filial Piety Sutra?"
Miao Sanniang also studied in women's school. Most of the courses in women's school were about caring for her husband and raising children outside the boudoir, and honoring her parents at home. Miao Sanniang had read "Biography of Women" and "Nv's Commandments", and she had also read "The Classic of Filial Piety" and "The Analects of Confucius".
》.
But generally speaking, women can only study here, but Miao Sanniang also read the "Book of Rites" and "The Book of Songs".
She is only slightly deficient in arithmetic, but in terms of reading, most people are really not as good as her.
Miao Sanniang thought for a moment and said, "When the female teacher taught me, it probably took me three or four days."
"Junior sister is really smart. I also used it... for three days. But Junior Brother Zhang only used it for one day!"
A strange look flashed in Miao Sanniang's eyes, and she said with relief after a moment: "No wonder...Junior Brother Zhang is self-reliant in memorizing what he has seen, so that's why he doesn't study hard. The pond is shallow and easy to fill. This is not worth it. He is not a real scholar."
Zhang Shi was stunned: "Then what's the point? He is a real scholar."
Miao Sanniang said leisurely: "Of course he is a scholar who is highly talented, willing to work hard, and can be humble and polite... just like..." The last part of her words was like a mosquito.
Zhang Shi didn't know what he was referring to at first, but then he lowered his head with a red face, then put on his clothes more tightly and continued to sit upright and read.
Miss Miao San smiled when she saw this, glanced at the servant outside the door and thought, in a few days Ah Qi won't have to come anymore.
Soon after the two people in the house heard the chapter, they chanted more and more: "Sit down and straighten your white single clothes, get up and put on yellow straw shoes. After washing up in the dining room, you slowly go down the steps."
"The summer breeze changes slightly, and the days gradually increase. The courtyard is quiet and overcast, and the birds are singing on the new-leafed trees."
"Walking alone or lying alone, the summer scenery is not yet twilight. If you don't sleep at noon, you can spend the long days safely."
Seeing that Zhang Yue had woken up, the two of them did not take advantage of the heat to go into the house to study. Instead, they wore short shirts and went to the stream to drink water.
Miao Sanniang said: "It's a pity that I received my talents from heaven and wasted my time like this."
It was very hot in the afternoon, so Guo Xuexue only taught in the morning and went back to his room to rest after class.
As usual, the Analects of Confucius was dictated to Zhang Yue by Guo Xuexu. Zhang Yue studied "The Analects of Confucius" for nearly half a month. In fact, Zhang Yue only spent five days on reciting the entire text.
When Zhang Yue memorized the Analects within five days, Guo Xuexu and Guo Lin were truly convinced that Zhang Yue was talented, at least in terms of memorization.
The lessons at the end of The Analects are all about annotations.
People in the Song Dynasty made many annotations on the spoken meaning of the Analects. The most famous one is Zhao Pu's sentence, "Half of the Analects governs the world."
It is said that when he was prime minister, when he encountered a difficult political issue that he could not make a decision on, he would take the Analects of Confucius and read it to find the answer.
However, this sentence comes from the notes of people in the Song Dynasty, and there is no solid historical data to prove it. The history of the Song Dynasty records that Zhao Pu was not very knowledgeable in his early years. After he became the prime minister, Zhao Kuangyin repeatedly advised him to read more books. In his later years, Zhao Pu would not let go of the scroll, and as soon as he returned home
He took the book from the box and read it.
After Zhao Pu's death, his family found that there were only twenty Analects of Confucius in his bookcase.
Later, the saying "Half of the Analects governs the world" and Song Taizu's saying "Prime ministers must use scholars" have always been beautiful words of Confucian scholars. In fact, no matter what book you read, the most important thing is the person, not the book.
After Zhang Yue said that he had memorized the Analects of Confucius, Guo Xuetu often couldn't sleep at night. He was lucky to have such a "good talent and beautiful jade", but he was also afraid that it would be ruined in his own hands.
On this day, after Zhang Yue had read the Analects of Confucius familiarly, Guo Xuexiu personally found Zhang Yue. He looked serious at first, and then talked on the phone.
"Confucius said, the way he behaves is that he is gentle and kind, which is the teaching of poetry; when he is sparse and distant, he is the teaching of calligraphy; when he is wide-ranging and easy to enjoy, he is the teaching of music; when he is respectful, thrifty, solemn and respectful, it is the teaching of etiquette; when he is clean, quiet and subtle, it is the teaching of elegance; he belongs to Ci.
Comparing things is also the teaching of Spring and Autumn Period."
Zhang Yue listened to Guo Xuexue's meaning. He listed the advantages of reading the Five Classics of Poetry, Book of Books, Rites, Yi, and Spring and Autumn as mentioned by Confucius.
However, Zhang Yue understood that the first part was all foreshadowing, and the second part was the content.
So Guo Xuexiu asked seriously: "What are your plans for the future with Gongju?"
Zhang Yue said: "Students don't understand, please ask sir to help students clear up their doubts."
Guo Xuexiu said: "The tribute examination in this dynasty is divided into regular subjects and system subjects. As the name suggests, the system subjects must be specially set up by the emperor to recruit talents.
"There are very few collections of system subjects, and they are not designed according to the times. Therefore, I have never heard of any scholar using system subjects..."
"Isn't it true that the first master of our town, Mr. Wu, appointed officials based on the system of disciplines?"
Zhang Yue couldn't help but say something. He was an ETC in his last life, and he couldn't help but make excuses. The Wu Xianggong Zhang Yue mentioned was Wu Yu, the prime minister of the dynasty. Not long ago, Zhang Yue met Peng Xianwei.
than his nephew.
Guo Xuexiu nodded and said: "Exactly, I was negligent as a teacher. In the past two hundred years in this dynasty, only Mr. Wu has been able to pass the third-class exams! It is even more difficult to get the number one scholar in the third-class exams. There have been dozens of number one scholars in this dynasty.
But Mr. Wu is the only person in the third class of making subjects. Do you think it is more difficult to make subjects than Chang Ke?"
The regular subjects mentioned by Guo Xuexu below are the well-known imperial examination methods.
Changke is a tribute examination held every few years. It is said that Changke is actually not very frequent. For example, there are tribute examinations every two years, tribute examinations every four years, and even no tribute examinations for five years. But in recent years, it has been set as a tribute examination.
A tribute is given every two years.
Guo Xuexue added: "Chang Ke is also divided into two subjects, Jinshi Section and Zhu Ke. The so-called Zhu Ke is also the Ming Jing Section in the Tang Dynasty, but the Jinshi Section has always been called inconveniently."
"Jinshi subjects discuss poems, poems, poems, poems, poems, poems, poems, essays, and scriptures. But the subjects don't use poems, poems, poems, essays, essays, and scriptures. They just talk about the scriptures, essays, and scriptures. I'll tell you about the subjects first!"
The so-called pasting is to examine the original text in the book, such as "When three people are walking together, there must be my teacher." I will cover the previous sentence for you and ask you to write the next sentence, or cover the previous sentence and write the next sentence like this. But Chang Keli will not do this.
Simple, usually covering several words.
Mo Yi explains the meaning of "when three people are walking together, there must be my teacher". Changke only tests the scriptures and Mo Yi. To put it bluntly, it is a test of your memorization skills!
The various subjects of the Song Dynasty include the Nine Classics, the Five Classics, the Kaiyuan Rites, the Three Histories, the Three Rites, the Three Biographies, the Scholarship, the Ming Dharma, etc.
Zhang Yue thought that the meaning in Guo Xuexu's words was that it was obvious that he relied on various subjects. However, the poetry and prose policy of Jinshi subjects depended on talent and learning, and there was no unified standard.
As far as the Han family is concerned, no one will spread your articles and recommend you to the ministers. The hope of getting into the Jinshi major is too slim. Only the subjects that are memorized by rote have greater hope.
Guo Xuexiu asked: "Are the three rites acceptable?"
The three subjects of rites are the Book of Rites, the Rites of Zhou, and the Ritual.
Zhang Yue shook his head and said: "Too few."
Guo Xuexue was very pleased. He was actually "asking for knowledge" just now. Zhang Yue did not choose academic subjects just to be lazy, nor did he choose Three Histories, Kaiyuan Rites, Mingfa and other subjects out of "respect for the classics". This shows that this son can be educated.
.
Guo Xuexiu asked again: "Are the three transmissions acceptable?"
The three biographies are "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan", "Gong Yang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan". The three rites together have about 200,000 words, but the Zuo Zhuan alone among the three biographies has 200,000 words.
"It's still too little!" Zhang Yue did not hesitate.
Guo Xuexiu was even more happy: "Is the Five Classics OK?"
Before the Five Classics, he mentioned Mao Shi, Shangshu, Liji, Zuozhuan, and Zhouyi Five Classics. Kong Yingda once wrote "Five Classics Justice" to explain these Five Classics, and then it was established as the official imperial examination book. Any scholar who does not interpret these Five Classics articles according to the Five Classics justice will be punished.
It is regarded as fallacy.
Although there are many shortcomings, the Five Classics of Justice eliminates the shortcomings of multiple schools of Confucianism and complicated chapters and sentences, and has a common standard.
Zhang Yue understands that the Jinshi subject is too vague and there is no standard answer. The examiner has the final say. As a member of the Han family, he has a weak foundation. It is too difficult to try his luck and the chance of success in the future is also small. But Chang Ke does.
Yes, every effort is rewarded here, and the right and wrong answers are clear at a glance. So what Guo Xuexu means is that he hopes Zhang Yue can choose the Five Classics subjects.
The more Zhang thought about this, he continued to shake his head and said: "Too few."
Guo Xuejun was surprised and asked: "What subject do you want to choose?"
Zhang Yue asked back: "What subject should I choose, senior brother?"
After hearing this, Guo Xuexiu was silent for a moment, and then said: "Your senior brother... I taught him to read the Analects at the age of five, so that one day he could pass the Nine Classics."
Then Guo Xuexue said to Zhang Yue: "But the Nine Classics subject is the most rare among all subjects, so you don't have to force it."
As Guo Xuexiu said, the most difficult among all subjects is the Nine Classics subject.
Candidates who study Nine Classics should read "Book of Changes", "Shang Shu", "Mao Shi", "Book of Rites", "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan", "Gong Yang Zhuan", "Gu"
"Liang Zhuan" Nine Classics.
The exam also contains the most content, with 120 answer books and 60 answers.
In the Tang Dynasty, the Five Classics subjects, which were the most difficult after the Jinshi subjects, also covered the nine classics.
However, in the Tang Dynasty, "Book of Rites" and "Zuo Zhuan" were listed as the Great Classics, "Mao Shi", "Zhou Rites", and "Yili" were listed as the Central Classics, "Book of Changes", "Shang Shu", and "Gongyang Zhuan" were included.
"Gu Liang Zhuan" is a small classic.
During the exam, the two major classics must be tested, and then three classics can be selected from the medium classics and the minor classics to make up the five classics.
But in the Song Dynasty, all the Nine Classics subjects were required to be tested!
Guo Xuexuan looked at Zhang Yue deeply, the implication being: Do you really want to take the Nine Classics exam?
"I heard that one's background in the Nine Classics disciplines must be higher than those in other disciplines?" Zhang Yue asked.
After hearing this, Guo Xuexiu thought, "This guy is too utilitarian. He doesn't ask if he wants to learn, but where he comes from. Let's correct it slowly in the future!"
Guo Xuexiu sighed: "That's right, the background of Jiujing is indeed higher than that of other subjects. In the ranking of Jinshi officials, the top five in Jinshi Jiake, No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 are the first."
"Those below the sixth person in the Jia family and those in the Nine Classics and above are the second class. The other subjects are from the same background as the fifth Jia Jinshi, and must be selected."
Zhang Yue had some concerns in his heart, and the Jinshi subjects were divided into five levels.
The top five in the first class of the Jinshi Department are from first-class backgrounds.
Those who have passed the ninth class and the sixth place in the first class are from second class background.
Next are the second and third grades of the Jinshi Department and so on.
The so-called retention of the election means that you cannot be awarded an official immediately. You must run for the election as a candidate three years later, and you have to take another exam. The background of other subjects is the same as the fifth grade of Jinshi.
It can be seen from this that how difficult it is to pass the Nine Classics subject, and Zhang Yue could not have imagined that the humble Guo Lin would have such determination.
"Could it be that you want to study the Nine Classics?" Guo Xuexiu asked.
ps1: Thank you Shuyou Jiuqiu for becoming the third leader of this book!