【Special Warfare Writing Material Album】Part of Eight Mountains
In the many previous lectures, we have repeatedly elaborated on some basic principles of special operations forces. One of them is
It is the characteristic of global deployment and duty, so combat skills in various terrains and environments are indispensable.
In addition to the various terrains mentioned in the previous lectures, mountainous terrain is another common terrain and combat geographical environment.
We can roughly divide the mountainous terrain into slopes, hills and mountains according to different types of landscape.
Four major categories: lines, cliffs and valleys, and the typical terrain included in the major categories of terrain are distinguished to make a comprehensive
Simply the same as the previous example, the examples given in the article cannot be directly applied to all tactical situations.
The officer’s on-site judgment and order issuance are always the final decision; any articles involving confidentiality, excessive novelty or exposure will be the final decision.
Unit intelligence tactical information has also been filtered, downgraded, and rewritten to protect those instructors who are still on active duty.
Study with fellow students, as well as foreign friends who provide the latest information from abroad.
slope
In the previous lecture, we mentioned the use of group tactics and terrain coordination in hilly terrain.
In fact, most of the sloping terrain is the same, and the group’s marching formation and precautions are the same.
, but in mountainous terrain, factors such as weather and physical strength are added, because according to the standards mentioned above, sea level
Vertical shapes below 750M are classified as hills, so plateaus, highlands and mountains above 750M are naturally classified as mountains.
mountains, and once it exceeds 600M above sea level, the temperature will drop by 1℃ for every 150M rise. In other words, the sea level
The temperature of the mountain at 1500M will be 6℃ lower than the sea level, and this is just an average statistical value. If wind and frost are included,
Natural factors such as snow, rain, and dew; terrain factors such as mouths and mountain necks, and temperature differences may exceed 20°C.
The first consideration is the weather. The second consideration is the natural climate such as rain, snow, fog, clouds, dew, etc., in addition to causing
In addition to the problem of advancement, the limited visibility and sound transmission are the nightmare of all commanders, especially the attacker.
Because although the climate of nature applies equally to both the offensive and defensive sides without distinction (Note 1), the defensive side has familiar terrain and formations.
The ground is well-equipped, and people are waiting for work at ease and using silence to brake. The attackers are in a situation where the terrain is unfamiliar and the audio and visual depth is insufficient.
The advantages and disadvantages of entering enemy positions are self-evident. This is the first disadvantage that the attacking commander considers.
Note 1: In the European theater of World War II, the special case of air combat is beyond the scope of this article.
Within, because the weather in the three British islands is often so bad that fighter planes cannot take off, but in mainland Europe
But it was good weather with clear skies and unlimited visibility. Such conditions once made the ground commanders of the European Allied Forces
Commanders were dissatisfied with the Air Force. Some commanders even said sarcastically: The Royal Air Force is not
Are you afraid of the sun? Such a situation also caused the largest failure of airborne operations in human history——
Market Garden Operation Plan, this was composed of the British 1st Airborne Division, the 82nd and 101st US Army
The First Airborne Corps, composed of part of the Airborne Division and the Polish Airborne Brigade, was unable to support subsequent airdrops.
The continuous offensive with ground troops was blocked, and the German army counterattacked and surrounded the city of Nijmegen in the Netherlands.
, were annihilated several times, and the entire army of nearly 40,000 people had only 2,323 survivors.
However, the Second World War was delayed past 1943 and entered 1944, and it is still the
Special operations force commanders and members should always draw lessons from this when conducting airborne missions and early planning.
case.
The second disadvantage that the on-site commander must consider is the physical exertion. In addition to the low temperature in the mountains, the thin air
Breathing will rapidly consume a large amount of oxygen in the blood, the hemoglobin component in the blood will decrease, and the human body will begin to
They began to feel tired, and the personal equipment of the special operations troops, the circuitous route and the high-drop terrain were accelerated even more.
In addition to the physical exertion, the cold weather and thin air made the situation even worse. The most direct reaction
That is, the human body's reaction will begin to slow down, which is somewhat similar to being slightly drunk. However, in military operations, a slight hint of intoxication will cause the reaction to slow down.
Suddenly, irreparable major mistakes may occur, and in the natural environment of the mountains, are twin brothers cold and exhausted?
O will accompany him for several days after he comes down the mountain. This is also a dilemma for the on-site commander.
However, since these are common situations and there is no other way to overcome them except training, they will not be discussed in this article.
To clarify the solution, the use of tactics on slopes is the focus of this lecture. In addition to the vertical columns mentioned before, water
In addition to tactical formations such as horizontal formation, single arrow formation, double arrow formation, diamond formation, Y formation and compound zigzag formation, etc.
,The team's travel, search, infiltration, invasion and escape are what really need to be paid attention to. Generally speaking, the team passes
There is usually more than one vanguard or commander, and the map and compass are on the captain, deputy captain, combatant and vanguard.
Each person will have one share. The status of the vanguard is higher than that of everyone else when the group is marching. Even the captain will always obey the vanguard.
suggestions, but in contrast, the responsibility of the leading soldier is second only to the captain, and sometimes even higher than the captain. In most cases
In the unit, the entire route is drawn up by the commander, deputy commander, staff officer and the top soldier, and the top soldier is responsible for executing it.
This is not an easy task. Remember in the first lecture, all special operations team members remember their steps and distance.
How many steps do you take to get exactly 100M? How many steps do you need to add or subtract when going up or downhill to get exactly 100M? Although all the special
All the soldiers know it, but few will remember it, but all the vanguard soldiers will remember it, and during the march, every other soldier will remember it.
A few hundred meters away, the vanguard will take out a map and compare the compass with the terrain and features. After confirming that it is correct, the vanguard will use
Pointing north points to an obvious feature outside the specified direction as a fixed point to move forward. It may be a tree or a big stone, but once
It will definitely be a good cover, because once you arrive at the location, look for a map and look at the compass to determine your direction and direction.
The direction will be repeated again and again until the target area is reached.
Some people may think that these steps are too cumbersome, but they cannot be omitted. In fact, in some American
In the survival training school, the course of walking blindfolded and then retracing the original route to escape has always been the highlight of the training, and has always been the highlight of the training.
It is the subject that all students hate the most, and the instructors never take it lightly. The proportion of people who fail to pass is frighteningly high, but
Once you pass the level, your skills will be greatly improved, just like opening up the Ren and Du channels, and this has indeed saved many people who were captured and escaped.
Team members. As for how to complete this subject, it is actually not difficult. Just count the seconds, the number of steps and the combination of directions and then backtrack.
Just come and do it. The principle is not difficult, but it is easier said than done!
Another thing to pay attention to on slopes is going downhill. Contrary to popular imagination, going downhill is more physically demanding and dangerous than going uphill.
Risky, because the center of gravity behind a heavy load is inherently unstable, and the physical exertion of going uphill accumulates to the point where oxygen debt occurs when going downhill.
The downhill effect and mental relaxation make the descent full of dangers. The usual solution is to use a zigzag route to take a detour.
Go down the mountain instead of taking a straight line. Unless there is a special emergency, you will take a longer than straight route.
A zigzag route that is several times the length of the line. Another danger on the downhill journey is the possibility of being ambushed. Being ambushed on the way downhill
, if they retreat to the mountain, they will most likely be surrounded on the top of the mountain until they run out of ammunition and be ambushed. If they are directly surrounded, they may suffer too many casualties.
, the sloping hillside greatly limits the detour space. This is another choice for the commanders, relying on their hands.
What the book says is "immediately concentrate troops and firepower, seize effective suppression positions, cover most of the troops out of the line of fire, and turn around."
"Move forward." However, I personally prefer to move horizontally along the mountainside, to the opposing angles of the enemy's two wings (that is, the enemy's 75° and 115° angles).
direction) to carry out a pressing attack, disrupt the enemy's line or destroy the enemy, and then leave the combat zone in the opposite direction. There are also many instructions.
The commander likes to use two wings to counter-outflank the siege, but because the troops and firepower must be dispersed, the author personally
People don't recommend it.
In addition, since the dispersion of the formation can easily expose the whereabouts of personnel, the marching formation on the slopes is always dense.
formation, so that when a situation occurs, the commander can have the most immediate response to all members.
Another thing to note on slopes is the attack of indirect weapons. On slopes, there is no space for movement and detours.
Not enough, but the maneuvering speed is not enough. Once attacked by a direct-fire weapon, there is really no way to hide, and what's even worse is.
The enemy may not even be able to see it, and special operations forces usually don't carry enough firepower to carry out the attack.
Counter-artillery warfare, to put it simply, means that there is no time to fight back. The solution? No, the only way is to be careful along the way.
In order to be discovered by the enemy, the leading soldiers should not bring the troops into the impact zone, or in the worst case, they will be directly fired.
When ambushed by weapons, you can only continue to move forward, and then think about counterattacks when you advance to within the minimum range.
Tomb Line
In many mountaineering societies, many of the photos shown to the world are of the entire mountaineering team walking along the mountain line.
A feat that can be accomplished, but in most special operations operations, this approach is quite dangerous because it protrudes above the mausoleum line.
The column along the way is not much different from the shooting target on the playground, and the issues of center of gravity and wind cut have always been
It is an unavoidable risk when walking on the mountain line, and the biggest problem is that the lack of cover and movement space is almost
There is no such situation, so the tactical actions that can be taken on the Yuling line are quite limited. In fact, if there is no choice
When choosing the right time, when you really have to walk on the hill line, the formation is really the only choice of one column. Encounter on the hill line
When enemy fire is shooting, it is impossible to lie down. If you can make people lie down, it is not called a mausoleum line. If you leave the mausoleum line and go straight
The risk of falling is too high. All manuals say it is a last-ditch attempt with no other possible options and a chance of survival.
It will only be slightly higher than jumping from an altitude of 12000?? without carrying a parachute bag. My personal suggestion is to treat the mountain line as a rope.
Use the sling to attack the suspension bridge while crouching forward; or leave the enemy fire surface and hang on the other side of the mausoleum line with both hands.
On one side, hands alternately climbed across the hill line. As for the method of counterattacking with firepower on the hill line, the actual effect is not great.
Most manuals do not recommend this. The author's suggestion is that if you have to fight back, please seek cover first and then seek promotion.
For firepower, if there is really no cover, you can use your own backpack instead, but pay attention to precision equipment and water to avoid getting hit.
, otherwise the rest of the trip will be very difficult.
Another key point in marching on the Ling Line is the grasp of the time window (TimeWindow) and the relative position between ourselves and the enemy. Generally speaking, the march
The best time to walk on the Yuling Line is at sunrise and sunset. It is a better choice to be on the high ground on the sunny side of the enemy because
Human visual effects will make it difficult for people to identify moving objects at this specific moment, and even with a sun visor
With infrared sensors, it is not easy to detect small troops walking on the mausoleum line. As for walking on the mausoleum line at night
, even with night vision goggles, the risk is still considerable, because no matter what type of night vision equipment is used,
There will always be a certain degree of loss of distance in the game. If you step on the wrong foot and you may fall into the abyss, use
The unreliable night vision equipment seems to be a bit of a joke with your own life, and the speed of travel will be greatly affected.
Limitation. In addition, the most dangerous thing is that against the backdrop of the starry sky, the figure on the hillside may be clearly visible.
It's impossible not to find out, but in the dark night, once you return fire, it means telling the whole world where you are.
It will even attract the firepower of the whole world, must we not??.
One of the most common questions faced when traveling on the Ling Line is, is it necessary for group members to tie lanyards to each other?
In many cases, the mountain line is located on the snow line, and when traveling in the snow, the tethering ropes between team members are quite large.
It is necessary to take care of each other in case the glacier crevices and the floating snow layer fail, but the mooring rope on the mausoleum line can
It can pull the whole group down at once, but if there is no lanyard, there will be no time to respond when someone slips.
It goes against the camaraderie of the special operations team. This is another dilemma. For most of the special operations team members, it is impossible to do anything.
The achievement of tasks has its own priority, but it is impossible not to rescue when a partner slips. This is another task of the commander.
Generally speaking, this decision will be made based on the personnel's usual training and the mental and physical conditions at the time.
rope order, and personnel will be allocated based on whether they can support each other. In addition, trekking poles or
The combined use of detection rods is also indispensable, but the most basic principle is still the old saying, don’t take the wrong route if you have nothing to do.
, this is the way to seek the origin.
cliff
In this lecture, the most well-known thing is probably the cliff. With various mountain terrains, ropes
Used for tactical applications such as rappelling, sliding down, climbing, horizontal crossing, etc., with top mooring ropes, single-cable assault suspension bridges, and more
Cable assault suspension bridge, mountaineering claws, O-rings, 8-shaped rings, rappelling slings, rappelling crotch straps...etc. are many and varied.
The equipment and application methods are dazzling and dizzying, and the amazing actions are completed, but with special operations forces
Generally speaking, there is only one most commonly used equipment - rope, with various knots and winding methods, and a good pair of
Use your skills to accomplish what the equipment can do.
When a general special operations team performs a mountain mission, they will use two to several climbing ropes, usually of high tension.
Mainly nylon ropes. The length of these ropes varies according to the task requirements. Generally, 50M (165inch) and
The two lengths of 150M (600inch) are the most common. Regardless of the thickness of the rope, it must at least be able to withstand it.
3000Kg/6600lbs/7.84kN instant pulling force, and the weight should not be too heavy to avoid excessively increasing the strength of special operations personnel
Physical load, in addition, each special operations personnel will also carry a 15M emergency rescue rope and more than one D-type
rings or O-rings for use in different tasks. In mountain tasks, the task type of the cliff can be as large as
It is divided into three types, down-up, up-down and horizontal movement. Below we will explain them respectively.
down to up
In most mountaineering activities, we often face a mountain wall that is difficult to fly over even with wings.
What's the solution? It's very simple, crawl over, but most special operations personnel don't like this approach.
Because that is too time-consuming, and secondly, if you encounter an enemy during the march, you will have no ability to resist and let them attack you, but
Is it sometimes due to the time requirements of the task form, or is it necessary to do it? Usually climbing can be further subdivided into climbing without equipment.
There are no specific requirements for the time when climbing with equipment, but usually the most powerful team member in the group is found.
Go out and climb without equipment. After successfully climbing to the top, hang down the rope for the rest of the team members to climb with equipment. Climb along the rope and reach the top.
One thing I want to mention here is that many special teams in the world have already used large leather shoes as mission equipment.
, instead of using high-tech lightweight multi-purpose equipment as mission equipment, the earliest feature that adopts this concept that I know of
The combat unit is the German GSG-9, which was specially designed by the German Adidas factory in the early 1970s.
Multi-purpose lightweight combat shoes designed to produce, with special high-friction design of soles and toe caps and ergonomic inner shoes
The underlay design is not only easy and comfortable to wear for long periods of time, but is also extremely suitable for climbing on various terrains and building surfaces.
Together, the author personally wanted to purchase a pair as a private person for collection, but the NT$5-digit selling price made me die.
In this regard, in addition, the U.S. military special operations forces have also switched to multi-purpose products from Nike and HI-TEC.
Sports shoes are used as equipment for team members, and other countries such as Western Europe, Japan, Canada and other countries also use sports shoes for their special operations teams.
Procurement of practical subordinate equipment, but in contrast, domestic special operations teams, with limited progress in the concept of the person in charge, still wear
Wearing untimely and cumbersome large leather shoes for training and competition, the combat power consumed is as much as the team members fighting for that pair of shoes.
The price you pay for leather shoes (corns, blisters, athlete's foot) is really infuriating.
When climbing from bottom to top, you should pay attention to the safety issues during the entire climbing process. When equipment is limited,
, usually the concept of safety knots is adopted, that is, every time a certain fixed distance is reached, a knot is tied at the rope position.
The principle is that the D/O ring fixed to the body cannot pass through. Even if you miss it while crawling, you will fall off.
While climbing down, he was blocked by the knot, so that he would not reach the bottom in one go and reach the tent immediately. In the process of crawling, for the sake of his skills,
For flexibility and mobility, backpacks and personal weapons are usually not carried, but a rope is hung directly to pull them up.
It saves time and avoids danger, while also allowing personnel and equipment to reach the top of the mountain at the same time, so they can be immediately integrated and put into the battlefield.
The last thing to pay attention to is time control. Since climbing time often takes a long time, the time spent by the entire group
They all need to make precise calculations. Whoever is faster will go up first to cover, whoever is behind, whether to climb up directly or hang up with a rope.
Whether there are people who cannot climb and how to deal with them are all factors to be considered, as well as the details and sequence of execution and flow.
Program control and management are all indispensable. Of course, for the commanders, this is another challenge and choice.
up to down
Traveling from top to bottom can generally be divided into rappelling and sliding. rappelling refers to a descent where the position remains unchanged but the height changes.
Action, downhill refers to the descending action that changes the position and height, but no matter what kind of descending action, long rope,
The short rope and O/D ring are both indispensable. The long rope is the main rope for descending, and the short rope is tied to the body for safety.
Ropes and O/D rings are used to connect long ropes and short ropes, and there are some common precautions.
When rappelling, the sit-down rappel method is the safest and most common. Before descending, the standard practice is to put on the rappel crotch belt.
, the weight of the body is lowered by the rappel crotch belt, but in military operations, non-essential equipment like the rappel crotch belt is
If you can't wear it, you don't wear it, so you use a short rope to tie a temporary crotch belt on your body, which is what the domestic army jokingly calls it during mountain training.
The way to tie a T-string is as follows: first divide the short rope in half, wrap it around the back waist and the front navel, and then tie it
Make a single knot, then wrap the right rope around the left hip and the left rope around the right hip, then wrap it around both sides from the back through the originally wrapped rope, and then
Make a half circle around the front navel, tie a double flat knot on the side, and you're done. After putting on the thong, tie the O/D ring
Thread the two ropes in front of the navel, and then repeatedly wind the long rope around the O/D ring in an S shape to complete the preparation for rappelling.
When doing so, grab the front rope, which is the long rope above the O/D ring, with one hand, grab the back rope with one hand, and use the strength of both hands to grasp the rope.
To control the speed of descent, pay attention to the vertical angle between the body and the rope when descending. Every time you descend a certain distance, you should
Reduce the descent speed to avoid a prolonged descent that is too fast and uncontrollable due to gravity acceleration.
The basic rappelling method is so simple, but the method is limited and the creativity is unlimited, so there are front-down, back-down
There are all kinds of tricks like sitting down, jumping down, running down and head-down, but these are harmless, as long as they are installed safely.
It’s comprehensive, fast, and easy to operate. It doesn’t matter which method you use. This is the method that most groups will use.
Another method is a faster and more efficient descent method, which is the untethered rappel. The rappel mentioned earlier
When descending, there is at least one O/D ring between the body and the main rope to maintain connection and safety, but the method proposed now is
It's quite simple, just a rope and nothing else. It only uses the limbs of the person. And this method
There are also two major categories, one is thick rope descent, and the other is thin rope descent. Thick rope descent is generally more commonly used on helicopters.
Especially on large helicopters, such as CH-47, UH-60, BOEING240 and other large helicopters, they can be lowered through the belly opening.
A machine that lowers thick ropes. This method is the same as that used by firefighters to descend with iron poles, but it can save more than twice as much.
It takes less time, requires less training for personnel, and has a wide range of applications. The rapid reaction force and air force announced by our country last year
The mounted brigade has used this method to deploy personnel; the second type of rope descent is much more dangerous because of the speed.
Faster, its descent speed is close to that of a free fall, and its operation method is also very simple. Just hold a rope in your hand and hold it straight.
Just jump down, and then when you are close to the ground, grasp the rope at the right time and instantly increase the speed of your descent.
An emergency brake was applied, and in a blink of an eye, the person was safely and flatly standing on the ground. There was only one limit to this method, high
The height should not be too high. Generally speaking, this kind of rappelling can be carried out at a height below 25m, but it is a bit difficult at a height above 25m.
It's too dangerous. This kind of rappelling is quite difficult. There is a lack of physical strength, courage, training, courage and calm judgment.
There are only a few senior special operations personnel with such skills, and there are also such people in China?
, but few
, if your memory is not bad, there is a scene in the military police recruitment promotional video in 1997.
This method is used to jump down from the roof of a two-and-a-half-story building. This method of jumping is also called flying goose in China.
Jumping method is called suicide jumping method or lunatic jumping method abroad. It is understood that there are many domestic people with such advanced skills.
The number of people is less than 30, and there are less than 10 active personnel.
horizontal movement
In field training and combat camps at home and abroad, single/multi-cable assault bridges have always been a very popular subject, and this
It can be regarded as a masterpiece of horizontal movement. Of course, we will not waste space here introducing this well-known
Things, what we are introducing is the operation of single rope crossing. The required equipment is the same as that of seated rappelling, T-string, O/D type
If the ring and main rope are connected from top to bottom, it is very simple to just slide down the rope directly, but if
It will be a little difficult when it is horizontal or when you have to climb up slightly. This is the operation essentials we are going to introduce.
We can roughly divide it into two ways to move horizontally, one is the upward sliding type, and the other is the sliding type.
, this can be explained in two directions, one is based on the rope as the standard, the other is based on the body, but the author personally
Because the rope does not move, it is the person who slides, so this lecture will use the body as the standard for explanation. The upward sliding style is natural.
It means that the body is above the rope, but the O/D ring of the thong still needs to be buckled on the main rope according to the standard, and then the whole body??
On the main rope, the direction of the main rope is consistent with the main axis of the center of gravity of the human body when standing, which is approximately the straight line from the navel to the center of the eyebrows.
, and then use both arms as the source of power to pull each other forward, but the positions of the two legs are somewhat different, usually
The more flexible leg is used to hook the main rope with its ankle and instep, while the other leg is allowed to hang freely on the rope.
In addition, it serves as the center of gravity and balance during movement. The feet hooked on the main rope have two main purposes.
One is to maintain a slight angle between the body and the main rope, so that the lower body will not be directly compressed and protected at the same time.
The gun and two ammunition magazines on the man's body are also used to prevent the body from losing balance during movement.
To prepare for adjusting the center of gravity of the body, because one foot is hooked on the rope, when the whole body turns over, the hooked foot
Instead, it will be above the body. At this time, as long as you use a little waist strength, you can easily pull the whole body up and hold it up.
Yes, if both legs hang below the body, it will take a lot of effort, but there is one
The big problem is that you can't carry too much equipment on your body, because it will cause problems with balance, so there is a sliding type.
produce.
Sliding style, the consultant thinks, is the way the body slides underneath. It is usually used when carrying heavy loads. The operation method is
The method is not difficult. Fasten the thong and O/D ring to the main rope, and hang the body directly under the main rope. The same method is used with both hands.
The hands pull each other to pull the body forward. The difference is the position of the feet. Sometimes the legs are hooked on each other on the main rope.
When moving from top to bottom, it is straight and close together, hanging below the main rope. This is due to the problem of the traveling vector. If it is from top to bottom, it is recommended to
Hook your feet, because that will make it easier to balance the body. If necessary, you can also use your feet as brakes, but if
When going up, it is best to let your feet hang down naturally. This position will allow your hands to naturally exert upward force, and due to the general
At this time, the body is often loaded with heavy equipment. At this time, the drooping of the feet will allow the blood circulation to be more natural, and the body will be caused by the heavy load.
The soreness caused by this will also make you feel a little more relaxed. The principle is the same as anti-G clothing, but remember to control the time.
Otherwise, as soon as your feet touch the ground, you may get the opposite effect.
valley land
In fact, the terrain of the valley is the sum of the previous terrains. In application, it is based on the various additions mentioned above.
Integrated use, but in the real world, team members usually do not only have ropes, helicopters, and parachutes.
, the dispatch of equipment such as hang gliders, light aircraft and high-altitude parachutes, as well as the use of the enemy's existing cable cars, motor vehicles or other
The means of transportation available to him can be used more flexibly. However, due to the diverse nature of special operations missions, whether to use
Existing equipment is used for transport with enemy vehicles? Yes, it’s still the same old answer, it depends on the on-site commander’s decision
, if the cultivation of special operations personnel is difficult and arduous, then the cultivation and training of special operations commanders is even more difficult.
Difficult, this will be mentioned again in later lectures.