[Special warfare writing material album] Part of Eleven Pioneers
The arrangement of various traps, booby traps and minefields is inevitable in a war zone, and one of the key points of the mission of the vanguard soldier is
Do not bring troops into these areas, or if unfortunately you have entered such areas, how to clear a path?
Safe passage to facilitate the rapid passage of troops. This refers to minefields or high-tech ones such as guide ropes. If it is bamboo
To trap native traps such as Jianjian Mountain, we must find ways to eliminate or render them ineffective.
Among the traps, many are improved, enlarged or directly applied traps for trapping large beasts, and these traps are usually
It is definitely a fatal challenge for those who are not designers or those who do not know the reason. This is also the case for many special operations forces from various countries.
One of the reasons why Duojianbing is a member of a tribe living in a relatively primitive living environment. Of course, it is also because of this.
The members of these tribes not only have extraordinary physical strength and endurance, which is definitely not comparable to that of chickens raised in ordinary cities.
The main reasons are cultural factors, an environment with relatively primitive living conditions, and the psychological self-construction and will of its members.
Their perseverance, as well as the sense of honor and responsibility given by tradition, allowed these tribal members to become special forces commanders
The favorite and best candidate among them, the best and most famous one is the Kirk Mountains under the British Confederation??
There is no need to go into details about the deeds of the Corps, but one thing cannot be ignored. In the colonial era, African tribes
Due to the lack of information circulation and the tradition of bravery and bravery, the imperial troops who went there often could not suppress them with their prestige, but had to use their reputation to suppress them.
To show their strength, during this period, a certain mission was carried out by the Khark Mountain Corps. However, the battle was also bloody.
, both sides suffered heavy casualties. After the fight, the British army ran out of ammunition and reinforcements, and the two sides engaged in a final desperate physical battle. Africa
The tribes used spears, poisonous arrows, knives, clubs and axes to fight against the Khark Mountains?
The regiment was outnumbered by more than 1 to 13, and the dog-leg sword also showed amazing combat effectiveness in this battle.
At the end of the battle, in a regiment of more than 700 people, only less than a few warriors were still alive, while more than ten warriors were gathered together.
The African warriors of each tribe also suffered all casualties and could no longer resist the invasion of colonists. From then on, all the African warriors
The African tribes all learned about the name and combat power of the Khark Mountain Corps. From then on, the British Empire began to dominate Africa.
The reputation is at its peak, because everyone is really unwilling to confront the Khark Mountain Corps. Finally, we must mention
Yes, the British Empire posthumously awarded more than a thousand medals of various kinds to this regiment in the Khark Mountains, including the highest honor.
There are seven Victoria Cross medals, four of which are awarded to soldiers. This is the only time in British history that both
The record of awarding so many highest honors to the lowest-ranking soldiers is not only unprecedented, I believe it will also be the last time.
Equipment and training
The main tasks of the vanguard were mentioned earlier. In order to perform the tasks of the vanguard, their equipment should not be too heavy and cumbersome.
Necessity and portability are the main principles, while the placement is based on convenience and convenience. This principle applies at the same time.
For most members of the special operations team and all members of the offensive force, but generally speaking, in terms of the establishment of the US military, the vanguard
The equipment usually includes personal basic weapons (including pistols) and three days of outdoor survival equipment, night vision goggles, and radios.
, infrared strobe/illumination, flash shock bomb, map card (compass), GPS, camouflage net/camouflage cream and personal order
Small props in hand, NATO member states and northern Western countries will add winter equipment, and the former Soviet special forces
In addition to general military equipment, current members of the Russian special forces prefer to use portable
The shovel is as useful in their hands as the Swiss knife in MacGyver's hand and the survival knife in Rambo's hand.
and scary, and the special forces in mainland China especially like big, long and thick bamboos and tree trunks, but no matter which
The country's special operations personnel have the same love for ropes and knives. This is also the case for almost all special operations groups.
However, as far as the current special operations forces of various countries are concerned, there are two basic equipments that are not explicitly stipulated, but they are also
Almost 10% of the standard equipment is a watch and a small tool pliers or a compound type that can operate normally in various harsh environments.
Tool set, among which the priority is given to analog watches, which are luminous, waterproof, shock-resistant, lightweight, and have the best price.
Too high. During the Vietnam War, green hats liked to wear stainless steel watches or observatory series watches produced by the Swiss Rolex factory.
The stainless steel models in the series all met the aforementioned conditions except for the price. However, the US military later suggested sending all
The US military stationed in Vietnam switched to the army watches issued by the US military, which were powered by springs and needed to be wound at least once every 48 hours.
, plastic shell, acrylic surface, nylon strap, and extremely low price, making it a good choice, but now
The U.S. Special Forces have many different options. The most famous SEALs have completed basic SEALB/UDT training.
After training, you will be given a Tudor stainless steel diving watch, but if you advance to a variety of mixed blasting training (we will
(will be mentioned in Chapter 1), usually the instructor will suggest to use the Voyager series automatic winding watch from Oriental Watch for no other reason.
, this watch is one of the few that can still operate normally under multiple close-range explosion shock waves, and the timing function is still maintained.
Accurate watches, and land reptiles such as Delta, Ranger, and GreenBeret chose an unexpected
A rare watch, G-SHOCK from Japan's CASIO factory, and the camouflage on the outer model is consistent with the one on the uniform. It's really cool.
Got home.
As for tool pliers or multi-tools (Multi-Tools), they combine the functions of Swiss knives with more diverse functions and the rugged military style.
Tools have many uses. They are mainly used for temporary and emergency bomb disposal operations in the field. Therefore, many people also call them
It is called blasting pliers or blasting shears. There are four common domestic brands, all of which are made in the United States. They are LEATHERMAN.
, GERBER, SOG and Ma Guosen Knife Factory, and the BUCK factory that manufactures the US military M9 military standard bayonet also produces, but the domestic
It is rare in China. In addition, AITOR was born in Italy and the Lee Enfield Arms Factory (or translated as Lee En Field Arsenal) in the UK.
The multi-purpose bayonet and field survival tool set produced and distributed by L85/86 has also been classified as a field tool set. Of course,
Well, the Swiss Victorinox knife factory (Victorinox), the founder of the industry, naturally has the same product consultants. The above are all
There have been mass productions for civilian use, and there are many arsenals that are specially produced for the use of special forces and not for external or civilian use.
There are also many products produced. For example, the BOKER factory in Germany produces a series of 19 types especially for GSG-9.
Of the tool set, the author has exhausted all channels and favors to only be able to see photos of four of them, and this is enough for the author to
I was willing to exchange it for the price of an imported RV. In the former Soviet Union, located 1,130km east of Moscow, Ula
The LZHMASH arsenal near the city of LZHEVSH in the mountains. (Author’s note: This factory is located in the former Soviet Union.
position, as noble and important as the Springfield Arsenal in Massachusetts in the United States, but the collapse of the Soviet Union
Later, the factory's good times also ended, with orders greatly reduced, central funds suspended, wages rising and other economic problems, causing
It is very sad that this arsenal, founded in 1807, was converted into the production of machine tools in order to survive.)
The multi-purpose folding knives produced for use by members of the Soviet special forces are out-and-out assassination weapons. Mentioning these
The purpose of the tool is actually only one, because one of the tasks of the vanguard is to remove all obstacles on the road, including
Including various bombs and landmines, this is the most personal and practical tool, small and practical, cost-effective. Finally,
When it is important, the materials of these tools must be made of anti-magnetic/diamagnetic materials to rule out detonating magnetic fuses, sending
Got a small number of lives.
The training and development courses for top soldiers can be roughly divided into two categories: basic training and professional training, each of which includes its own
There are several different subjects and progressions. Basic training includes PT, 3M (Mapreading, Memory, Mount
Training) and personal equipment and weapons training; while professional training is much more complicated, in addition to general individual/group tactics
In addition to training courses, knowledge of wild animals and plants, wild survival, basic blasting and booby trap installation/dismantling* and other required courses
, control of special mobile vehicles, special driving techniques on various terrains, rock climbing, downhill, silent fighting/combat skills
, there are dozens of elective courses, and the most important thing is mental stability and composure, and perseverance of personality, but
Usually during the first level of selection work, the instructors of each group have completed this basic process, so we will focus on professional
A focused introduction to training aspects:
Individual/Group Tactical Training Courses
For any team, the overall combat plan from planning to formulation may involve intelligence personnel and intelligence personnel.
It is formed through the cooperation of combat staff. But the first one to face the on-site situation and make first-hand judgment must be the leading soldier.
, the second person will be the squad commander. Therefore, the squad’s top soldiers may have better tactical cultivation and quality.
As good as a team leader or combat staff sergeant, maybe even better, the first thing the lead soldier does when he arrives on the scene.
It is to determine the deployment position of the team, including the fire sector of the fire team, the free hunting area, and the selection of attack/evacuation routes.
Determine the ambush location and report it to the commander and combat officers for reference. Usually there is more than 80% chance that it will be adopted.
Generally speaking, vanguards do not directly participate in attack operations. Like snipers and commanders, they are involved in the team's attack missions.
In the assignment, these three people are the most basic reserve team, and the vanguard soldiers are usually assigned to the ambush team on the ambush route.
Commander, carry out the mission of annihilating the enemy's remnants. As for those who are alone and run away, that is the sniper's business.
In addition to being familiar with and using the tactics commonly used by the team, one must not neglect the tactics and habits of the enemy.
What kind of terrain will be the most preferred choice for accurate enemy positions? What are the criteria for sentrying, and the locations of minefields and defensive positions?
Where are they? Where are the storage and assembly points for fuel, ammunition, food and baggage? What are the main access roads? What are the operations of the troops?
What is the information? Where are the communication bases and antennas? The command center and heavy firepower garrison points and other information are important for the attack plan.
In terms of the formulation and execution of the plan, it is the key to success or failure. Therefore, it is necessary to transfer from intelligence or combat staff noncommissioned officers to vanguard soldiers.
It is also common for a large number of people to be present, or for the entire mission to be accompanied by elite soldiers to provide first-hand judgment at any time.
combination method.
Knowledge about wild animals and plants, survival in the wild
The words "field war" and "field" can both be expressed in English as "FIELD". That is to say, in ancient times, wars were fought in the wild.
It was not until the Battle of Stalingrad in 1944 that the so-called urban combat tactics began to be developed.
, or called house fighting, and it goes without saying that battles in the wild are inextricably linked to each other.
The antlers of ancient Chinese tactics are used to defend the position of horses; the tactical use of knotting grass to trip horses and the defensive plants around the station are all full of potential.
There are many examples of the use of field resources. To this day, many troops in our country still have a large number of defense areas around or in key defense areas.
Planting thorny plants such as qionma, kapok, bougainvillea, etc., its effect is not only better than that of barbed wire and bellows wire
The net also has the characteristics of environmental protection and soil and water conservation, and various poisonous or thorny plants have always been used by local troops.
Favorite way of defense. In addition, in the wild, various natural threats cannot be taken lightly. Various snakes
The threats posed by ants, insects, swine bugs, ferocious birds and beasts, as well as terrain, terrain and plants are a lesson in survival in the wild.
How to avoid the above dangers? If encountered, how to rescue yourself or teammates? Furthermore, in various situations,
What is the sequence of survival requirements of climate, terrain and environment in different climates? For example, the maintenance of physical strength in tropical rain forests, sand
Courses on water replenishment in dry climates such as desert or continental climates, warmth preservation in cold zone areas, and emergency medical treatment for frostbite;
A course on identifying animals and plants, which ones are edible, which ones are poisonous, and which ones can be used for emergency medical purposes?
move
/Plants, such as swallowing the gallbladder of a poisonous snake raw or drinking the venom raw, have an immediate and obvious effect on the body's anti-venom.
Even drinking snake blood raw can greatly protect the human body against the bites of various snakes, ants, insects and pigs, or the damage caused by Zhangzhou marsh bugs.
Anti-epidemic effect, and chewing those parts of those plants can effectively suppress thirst or the feeling of hunger in the abdomen without
to losing energy from not eating or drinking, these are the subjects of any unit preparing for global deployments
It's a must-have training, because maybe when you have to use it, it's a matter of life and death.
Traps, foundation blasting and booby trap installation/demolition
In the basics of Chapter 1, we mentioned that the U.S. underwater demolition brigade and the Nasdaq-Germany paratroopers
Both can be regarded as the ancestors of modern special forces, and these two forces have a common mission, which is to dispatch explosives.
Because these two troops are the vanguard troops that clear the way for the regular army to move out, their task is to eliminate
Due to time constraints, the fastest way is usually used to destroy all obstacles set up by the enemy, which is to blow them up.
Demolition of all obstacles has become a basic skill of special forces, and as the vanguard of the team, it is even more important for them to deal with all obstacles.
Only by thoroughly understanding the possible installation methods and locations of booby traps can we be competent in the task of dismantling them, and
Since the installation, erection and dismantling of blasting/booby traps are all professional courses, this article will not give an in-depth explanation.
To explain the blasting technology in the next article, what we want to mention here is the concept.
Before accepting the progress of this course, almost everyone's idea was that booby traps or traps should be placed around the trail.
Or in the center, when the troops are marching, they will definitely encounter it. Well, this statement is only half correct. To deal with large-scale
The regular army may be able to do so, but this method must not be used to deal with special forces, because they specialize in leaving and no one can leave.
place, and the traps and booby traps set up to counter the special group must be placed by the special group, or under the direction of the special group.
It will be installed by combat engineers under guidance. The principle of installation is that possible main roads, backup roads and evacuation routes must be installed.
In addition to the general considerations in the main settlement area at the main road ambush site, the enemy team will
Remember to place it in the reaction position (i.e. the nearest cover position), so that when the enemy is attacked by the first wave,
After the attack, according to training, you will immediately enter the nearest cover position and wait for an opportunity to counterattack. Just before entering the battle
When the enemy is in the magic position, a second wave of mines or traps will be triggered, causing greater casualties. If the enemy decides to move in.
Those gifts placed on the evacuation route will give the opponents some final little surprises, and the best thing is
During the entire process, the losses of our personnel will be minimized, because this is a passive defense and the enemy
It will be triggered by the action, and we are completely waiting for work. The cost is small but the profit is high. It is a very cost-effective transaction.
In order to deal with this possible position trap, there are two solutions. One is the full attack mentioned in the previous tactics.
Attack tactics, that is, when contacting the enemy, do not hesitate to fight, and immediately use alternate cover or crawler tactical formations to defeat the enemy in the shortest possible time.
Breaking through with maximum firepower, although it will cause casualties, is better than annihilating the entire army. The other is to avoid possible
The route or area of the trap/booby trap, then the information mentioned above can be used. If neither can be done, or
If it is really unavoidable, then it is the task of the vanguard. He must rule out or mark a safe route, or avoid it if it is not possible.
As a last resort, it can trigger traps or detonate booby traps so that troops can pass safely, but there is something special here.
In addition, the vanguard does not necessarily have to completely dismantle the booby traps, as long as they are disabled within a short period of time when the troops pass by or
It is enough not to be detonated, and even the booby traps can be dismantled without affecting the mission schedule and physical load.
Come down, install countermeasures around the enemy's position, and use the magic of attacking the opponent with his own tactics when conducting an ambush.
Control of special motor vehicles, special driving techniques
Due to the advancement of modern science and technology, special vehicles for various professional purposes have become increasingly common, and due to the various countries' requirements for military economics
Due to the reduction of expenses, it is common to hear that under limited funds, motor vehicles are purchased but unable to drive full-time.
In response to this situation, current members of the special team selected several people and provided them with driving training and mechanical knowledge.
is the most common response method. In addition to the mechanical knowledge and control methods required by the vehicle itself, in fact, special small vehicles
Groups often learn special driving techniques, which include various techniques in various terrains, weathers and environments, such as
, how to reach the designated place within the designated time in the deserted wilderness with no way to go? Simple, learn off-road racing
(RALLYRACE) technology will suffice. How do you go through a hairpin bend with a diameter of less than 5M at 120Km/h? Then use
Now that I have mastered the technique of drifting and cornering, first of all, take the international right-hand H-type manual racing car as an example. It usually exceeds
At 100Km/h, the gear is always in the 5th gear position, and before entering a corner, we usually ask to return to 3rd gear, and at the same time
During this period, the clutch pedal depressed by the left foot will return to 3rd gear after being fully depressed, and then released halfway, while the right foot will be depressed by the heel.
Press the accelerator and the brake with your toes, so that the vehicle's traveling speed can be reduced instantly, while the engine still maintains high speed and torque.
, at the same time, turn the steering wheel in the turning direction, but when the front of the car points to the turning direction, immediately turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction.
to the relative position. This action allows the vehicle to use the centrifugal force generated by acceleration while all four wheels are moving.
On the ground, the front wheels are pointing in the direction of the car while the direction of travel is still in a controllable mode and the speed of the car is still
However, it is maintained above 80Km/h, and when the center line of the vehicle body is parallel to the road exiting the bend, the clutch is fully released, the brake is fully released, and the oil is released.
Step the door to the bottom (put your left foot fully, with the heel of your right foot as the axis, turn the toe that was originally on the foot back to a 90-degree angle clockwise, with the entire
Press the accelerator with the sole of your foot), and the steering wheel switches back to the original road direction, so that the car body returns to the center line of the road. Such an operation
This operation allows the engine that originally maintained a high speed to release a large amount of torque in a very short time, and then as long as
The technique of straight-line acceleration is enough. As long as the above-mentioned actions are completed within the standard time (within 1.5~3 seconds, which is the time required for cornering)
It takes time), after completing the corner, usually within 3 seconds, the vehicle speed can be restored to within 110Km/h, which is not possible with the same technology.
If you try to go through a corner at the same speed, the result will be a rollover.
But this is a technique that can only be used on ordinary trails. If it is a completely roadless wilderness, how to avoid losing control of the vehicle?
is the first priority, and it is not only the condition of the road that must be considered. In most cases, we have to consider other
It is actually a performance problem of the vehicle itself. During the Second World War fifty years ago, motorized mechanical troops often
Because weather and ground factors seriously affect the speed of travel, and even the dilemma of being unable to travel, the main reason is besides the time
In addition to the primitive road conditions, poor mechanical performance and incomplete special driving skills are also the reasons.
However, the lack of performance of the vehicle is still the main reason. However, the first problem faced by driving modern multi-wheeled vehicles is that the vehicle's
There is too much remaining energy, so how to measure the road becomes a strange multiple-choice question. To put it simply, how to achieve the same level of people and vehicles?
The body, at the most appropriate time, matches the output energy of the ground conditions to obtain the balance value? Because with the United States
China’s Hummer, Britain’s LANDROVER Jeep, France’s Renault four-wheel drive military version and Japan’s own
Take the Mitsubishi (FUSO) Jeep as an example. Its thrust ratio has actually exceeded 1, and all of them have the performance of four-wheel transmission.
Although the high-speed cornering skills mentioned above can be applied to four-wheel drive vehicles, the actual driving requirements vary depending on the vehicle model.
Some different driving skills, and the horsepower of these vehicles is so large that driving on normal roads is a waste.
When driving this type of vehicle, you don’t have to worry about not being able to climb up. What you need to ask is how to climb up. Similarly, when using off-road motorcycles for long-distance reconnaissance
Patrolling has become a compulsory course for special forces in various countries. Then, some skills of off-road motorcycles and technical motorcycles are also for you.
It is a compulsory credit. Every year during the Mount Fuji exercise, there will be knights of the Ground Self-Defense Force standing with both hands.
The gun shooting performance, and the French shot of jumping from the Jaguar helicopter is also unforgettable, but
Even if we have learned the four-wheel and two-wheel driving skills mentioned above, this still only refers to driving on the ground. We still have
There are those on the sea and in the sky.
At sea, let’s take a jet ski as an example. A jet engine drives the water flow to propel the vehicle.
It is not difficult to move forward at a speed of 35 knots with a load of 200Kg, but it is difficult to conduct mobile patrols near the coast.
There is another difference. Due to the small size and light weight of the boat, a wave may cause the boat to capsize, not to mention mines and floating fences.
, reefs and torpedo nets, but the performance that modern jet skis can exert, I believe that on ESPN and Satellite TV Sports Station
I have seen it in various jet ski competitions or performances on sports channels, etc. You can use inertia and momentum to travel underwater.
up to tens of meters away to avoid possible dangers (such as enemy strafing). In the UK, water/water systems have also been developed.
It is a dual-purpose personal vehicle that can maintain a traveling speed of more than ten knots even underwater, while a small surface speedboat
The driving and technology of hydrofoils and small submarines are also similar. As for those used in the air, we will only talk about the ultra-light ones for personal use.
Types of vehicles, including powered parachutes, unpowered hang gliders and light aircraft, I believe everyone has general control skills
It should be very clear, so I won’t repeat it here. Let’s talk about driving skills in situations, such as flying with a powered parachute.
When traveling, if you encounter clear air turbulence, how to deal with it? First, turn off the engine, and then determine the direction of the airflow and the turbulence.
range, cut out of the turbulence area in the safest and fastest way, start the engine again, and continue flying. If there is no movement
Power gliders are a little different, because the buoyancy of the flying wing is different from the buoyancy of the paragliding wing, and the soft flying parachute surface can
To respond to the wind, a hang glider made of a skeleton must consider the wind speed and direction to determine whether the wind speed will reach a critical level.
and wing spars. Will the wind pressure cause tearing of the nylon cloth surface and destroy the buoyancy? When the above dangers are not harmful to the glider
When causing harm, it is more practical to use turbulent flow to cut downwards at an oblique angle, because if you cut upwards, you will not know
How high will it rise? If it rises too high, low temperature and lack of air will most likely cause shock, and an out-of-control glider will
When you fall from a high altitude to the ground, well, your scattered "body" will make it very troublesome for the people who clean it up, so you always
Be sure to learn these techniques well in case you really need them. By the way, with modern sliding ratio level 1
: For hang gliders over 15 years old, it is not difficult to complete the Immelman maneuver in the air. The author once saw a stuntman
Completed 16 Immelmann moves in free fall at an altitude of 6000m before landing. With such skills, it is necessary to complete
Decoupling in the air should not be difficult. Of course, aerial special piloting technology also includes things like MJ-3/MH-3 or
Special pilots such as the NH-60 Nighthawk helicopter, and the ultra-low-altitude flight of the AC-130 Dragon attack gunship or C-130H
The technology of airdrop is of course considered a special flying technology in the air, but it is not something that ordinary elite soldiers will learn or
Even if they are used, they will be transferred and become pilots, no longer vanguard soldiers.
shooting training
The shooting skills required by vanguard soldiers are similar to those of ordinary special team members, except for general formal training.
The same goes for rapid fire and sudden fire, but for the sake of confidentiality, many elite soldiers use silenced guns and subsonic hollow guns.
The warhead and gun sound are also carbine-type or foldable butts, and the accessories on the gun, such as tactical gun slings, external ammunition
Bags, powerful flashlights, laser markers and other equipment are selected based on the personal preferences and mission requirements of the vanguard.
Affect or hinder the shooting reaction time and accuracy as the standard, and the shooting technology that can truly be regarded as a top soldier should
It's tactical shooting.
The so-called tactical shooting is a method that combines fixed-point shooting of fixed objects, fixed-point shooting of moving objects, moving shooting of fixed objects and moving shooting of moving objects.
Comprehensive shooting. Before practicing this shooting technique, basic rapid fire, burst shooting and reaction shooting must be done.
With a certain level of fire, you must truly achieve the state of unity between gun and man before you can practice tactical shooting, and on the basis of training
This skill is practiced using various types of long and short guns at a shooting density of 3,500 to 4,000 rounds per week.
The acceptance result is that the half-man target was hit with the weapon in hand at 50M outdoors and within 1.5 seconds reaction time. And this half-man
The target may appear at any angle and orientation, and every time it appears, it may not be an enemy, and it may not be worth shooting.
Animals or objects must also be judged within the reaction time; indoors is 15M (or 30 yards) and 1.5 seconds reaction time
Hit the designated position on the half-man target with the weapon in your hand. It will usually be marked with a 3x5-inch card. When two
What happens when the average score of a student exceeds 85?
Be eligible for the next stage of training.
After completing basic pre-tactical shooting training, most shooters will develop personal shooting postures and
habits, and the first requirement of tactical shooting is to hit the target and make the target incapacitated to fight or act, but
It is not necessary to kill the target. The training method of tactical shooting is patience and carefulness. With the MP series of the German H&K factory
Taking a submachine gun as an example, most users set the firing selector button to the fully automatic position and use the manual
The number of shots is controlled by pressing and releasing the finger. When shooting, the hand that pulls the trigger must be used as the axis, and the other hand holding the gun must be used as the axis.
Make a circular motion with one hand and point the muzzle in the shooting direction. Before shooting the four basic tactics, the bullet
Speed, time required for the warhead to reach a fixed distance, wind deflection and air humidity, scene position caused by light, shadow and heat energy
The transfer of data and information must be as natural and smooth as breathing and heartbeat. There is no need to think and calculate, the muzzle will
Automatically points to the target position, or the lead amount of movement. The calculation concept of the lead amount is very simple. The shooter is now at a fixed point.
, when the target is 50M away and moves horizontally from right to left at a speed of 15Km/h, the shooter has two basic calculation methods.
, one is the freeze-frame method, and the other is the tracing method. The freeze-frame method means that the shooter points the muzzle at a fixed distance each time (for example, a
O'clock position, two o'clock position...) and before the target arrives, point the muzzle to the fixed point position and calculate the direction of the target.
Determine the time required to reach the first fixed point, and wait for the target to arrive at the fixed point again, based on the time required to travel to the previous two targets.
Occasionally shooting from the front is a freeze-frame method; while the tracking method is somewhat similar to using a camera to capture the activities of moving objects.
, always align the target with the crosshair or the center of the sniper scope and lock it, and determine the muzzle position according to the moving speed of the target.
Movement speed, and fire when the target stops. The advantage of this method is that the target dynamics can be grasped at all times. The disadvantage is that
It is easy to expose one's own position, and it is difficult to grasp the target if there is a sudden movement.
When the shooter reaches a certain level of shooting at moving objects, the difficulty of the course will usually increase accordingly.
The original method was to shoot fixed objects at a fixed point and move objects at a fixed point, and then move to shoot fixed objects. The operation essentials are the same as shooting and moving objects at a fixed point.
It's just that the actual operation process is reversed. The next step is the highest level of moving and shooting objects. The operation essentials are as follows.
It is to add (or multiply, depending on the relative movement rate) its own forward shooting amount and the target's forward shooting amount.
Just click on the target in the fastest and most direct time. The progress includes moving from various vehicles and platforms.
Move and shoot different moving objects at different speeds. In addition to horizontal lateral movement, vertical longitudinal movement shoots
Shooting is also one of the training items. In other words, it is necessary to shoot even during the rappelling process.
However, there are some tips to pay attention to. For example, when performing this exercise with MP5, the front gun belt ring should be buckled on the left side of the magazine slot.
into the buckle on the side of the quasi-constellation instead of the front buckle on the left side of the quasi-constellation, because this buckle method allows the muzzle to move
The range of movement becomes larger, while the operating range of the gun sling itself becomes smaller, and there will be no unnecessary interference with the rappelling rig.
causing the possibility of accidents.
task type
The mission of the vanguard soldiers is of course the mission of the special forces. However, due to the different organization of task execution, the vanguard soldiers and the small soldiers are usually different.
The tasks assigned and performed by the team's main attack team, firepower, intelligence/communications support personnel and destruction team personnel are actually
It's different. In addition to clearing the way for the team, the tasks of the vanguard and related to the team include: assault, ambush.
Ten common mission types include attack, counterattack, infiltration, destruction, disruption, interdiction, reconnaissance/patrol/search, rescue and capture, etc.
status, the following is a brief explanation of the nature of the mission and the role of the vanguard in it:
assault
Assault, literally speaking, refers to targeting enemy bases, camps, assembly points and rest areas when the enemy is not prepared.
A collective term for active and rapid attacks or sabotage on personnel, equipment, vehicles or facilities. Generally speaking, it refers to all attacks against fast-moving personnel, equipment, vehicles or facilities.
A quick and proactive attack mission. The mission of the vanguard here is still mainly to open a way in and out of the enemy area and lead the way.
guidance; assistance in formulating and supporting attack plans. This type of task is the most common. The difficulty of execution depends on the geographical environment of the enemy area and the enemy.
The reaction time depends on the length of the reaction, and it is a basic vanguard task.
ambush
Ambush, a general term for the mission of laying an ambush in advance and conducting an unexpected attack on enemy troops. Generally speaking, a main task will be arranged.
A primary ambush area, several secondary ambush areas, free hunting areas and at least one escape passage to let the enemy's remnants know the way out.
can escape, instead of fighting desperately because of being trapped in a dead end, which will cause our side casualties and waste time, and escape from the passage
Then move to another ambush point in order to annihilate the enemy. The role played by the vanguard in this mission is in addition to the basic tasks.
When doing other things, you must change your role and change your identity into the leader of the army being ambushed. Your reaction when being ambushed can be judged out of control.
Which is the best distance from the route, and design some obvious and easy-to-crack booby traps on the route, or arrange a few soldiers along with it.
Suppress with force to lure the enemy to take the bait. This is what the Chinese art of war says: "What is imaginary is real, and what is real is imaginary." If
If the escape route is too obvious and easy to walk, the enemy may not dare to walk. If some obstacles are added, the enemy must break through the obstacles.
, or being able to escape after engaging in a firefight with pre-arranged soldiers will create a feeling that the enemy has the strength to fight and escape, which is consistent with the psychological impact.
Relax, and when the enemy is ready to gather and prepare, the location and time are the best locations and times for the second ambush point.
The ambush time, if you launch an ambush again, the effect will be several times greater. Regarding ambush, I personally think it is the best example.
The description is from the fiftieth chapter of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when Cao Cao was defeated and took the Huarong Road. In this chapter, Zhuge Liang arranged three ambushes.
Formation is indeed a battle example that has never been known throughout the ages. Soldiers must read it. Modern ambush tactics will be discussed separately.
Detailed article.
In addition to the selection and arrangement of the first and second ambush locations, the leading soldiers, intelligence noncommissioned officers, combat staff noncommissioned officers and teams
The commander must also make advance arrangements for the enemy's possible counterattack tactics, especially if the opponent is a special force of the same level as himself.
When troops are deployed, counterattacks must be guarded against. The vanguard soldiers must provide various possible situations from the perspective and experience of the vanguard soldiers.
For reference, when facing an enemy, it is even more necessary to have the enemy's equipment, training and experience. It may be as good as mine, or even better. I swear.
Fight with all your strength to achieve the psychological construction of being invincible. Even if you know in advance that the enemy's condition is not as good as your own, you still need to have a lion
Botu, prepare with all your strength.
Counterattack
The so-called counterattack refers to a surprise attack launched when an enemy is ambushed, makes a surprise attack, or walks into a pocket formation arranged by the enemy in advance.
The siege attack operation is the most famous and successful counterattack operation in modern military affairs. On October 6, 1973, the Arab League
The third Israeli-Arab War (generally translated as the October War or the Yom Kippur War in China) launched by the Israeli army in this
In the Middle East battle, the Syrian armored forces launched a surprise attack from the Golan Heights, causing the Israelis to
People are caught off guard (Author’s note: Yom Kippur in the Jewish calendar is the same as the Chinese New Year’s Eve and Spring Festival. Travelers who are away from home
They all had to go home for reunion. Syria took advantage of the fact that less than one-third of its troops were left to stay behind. At dawn,
(launching surprise attacks), Israel faced its biggest crisis since the founding of the country in 1949. Israel immediately mobilized urgently, and at the same time
An order was issued to all frontline units: "Stay tight and wait for reinforcements." In less than 48 hours, reinforcements arrived at each frontline one after another to provide reinforcements.
And fill the dilapidated and loopholes of the Israeli army's front line, while using the captured communication list, passwords and passwords, by
Israel issued a fake Arab coalition command order to send Arab troops to designated locations, while Israeli troops
Prepared in advance, used air strikes, artillery attacks and ambushes to disrupt the Afghan offensive and achieved a painful victory.
The average casualty rate of the Golan Heights infantry brigade and the Panzerfaust armored brigade was more than 60%, and the casualty rate of some units was high.
Reaching 85%, the elite Golan Heights infantry brigade used many companies, platoons, and squads as lower-level combat units in this battle.
Even fighting independently until everyone was killed, no one except the bodies on the ground knew the progress and progress of each battle.
The reason is that after this battle, the Israeli Ministry of Defense ordered that from then on, all Israeli soldiers (including reservists) will take a leave of absence.
Bring your personal gun home and be ready for mobilization at any time. This victory, exchanged for life and blood, once again confirms
The Duke of Wellington famously said after the Battle of Waterloo: "There is nothing more terrible than victory, except defeat."
In the counterattack, the role played by the vanguard is a simple executor, because at this time, the team should be the one making the judgment.
Commanders and top soldiers may not even have time to provide advice. There are only three words for counterattack operations: "Quick, accurate, and ruthless."
"Response must be quick, attack must be accurate, and strikes must be ruthless. When attacked, immediately analyze the enemy's and our formations to find out the enemy's deployment and
After the weak link, immediately use all your strength to counterattack. If the leading soldiers can still survive in the first round of the offensive, the main force will be
The important task is to execute the commander's orders, fully trust the commander's judgment and decision, and fully cooperate with teammates
Execute the order and revert to the identity of a simple rifleman: "Don't thinking, Justdoit."
penetration
Strictly speaking, infiltration cannot be regarded as a task form. At best, it can only be regarded as a link in the task form.
However, the success or failure of the infiltration often affects the success or failure of the entire mission, so we are also worried that
Penetration can be divided into three basic types: sea, land and air, and mixed types. In addition to the traditional land walking and vehicle-mounted; surface speedboat
In addition to skydiving, in recent years, underwater/surface special vehicles have penetrated into the air, flying high at high altitudes, flying low at high altitudes, and flying low at low altitudes.
Or the use of highly professional penetration methods such as hang gliders, parachutes and other low-signature equipment has also become an emerging method in the special warfare circle.
mode, but no matter which mode is used, the basic requirements for penetration remain unchanged, that is, without being discovered by the enemy.
Under certain circumstances, through the enemy's blockade or cordon, and in addition to the aforementioned military penetration, special forces also often
Use camouflage to confuse local residents or enemy troops and pass enemy post inspections to achieve the purpose of infiltration and sharpen the
In the infiltration mission, the role played by the soldiers is to find out the target based on the terrain, features, weather conditions, and the personnel situation.
The most suitable route, and clear obstacles on the road and eliminate the footprints of the troops or anything else that will lead to the enemy's tracking
The first priority is to lead the troops through the cordon cordon quietly, quickly and without leaving any trace, and it is best to
It is carried out in the dark night in the barren mountains. Not only is it difficult to be detected, but it also reduces the chance of engagement, saving time and
The energy can be used for the execution and coordination of other tasks, which is the form of tasks that can best test the skills of elite soldiers.
destroy
The sabotage missions carried out by special operations forces can be divided into three types: intelligence, military and political. However, since military is an intelligence
The application of intelligence. Politics is an extension of the military. It is actually a trinity. However, politics and intelligence are not within the scope of this lecture.
, so we omit it and only mention the military part. Military damage can be divided into arson, flooding, blasting, shooting, and demolition.
There are eight categories of corrosion, biochemical and psychological destruction. Among them, shooting destruction method has been mentioned in the sniper chapter of the previous lecture, and
Arson and blasting fall under the scope of the next lecture. Here we will only give an overview of flooding, demolition, corrosion, biochemical and psychological destruction.
A brief introduction to the strategy. The roles of vanguard soldiers in different sabotage missions are also different.
flooded
Flooding: Usually the first consideration for flooding damage is that there are important towns or bases located under the reservoir, which can be damaged by flooding.
Damage to the reservoir may render the town or base unable to operate or lose its functionality, or it may cause damage to the enemy through the flooded area.
Priority will be given to those that cause serious damage. Flooding tasks can be large or small, and the small ones may be tens of tons of water towers on buildings.
Utilize the water flow after the water tower is destroyed to destroy the electronic equipment in the building. It is generally suitable for communication center buildings and information
Information center buildings, barns, biological and chemical warfare agent storage; and the larger ones may be billions of tons of reservoirs, which use floods to
Or blowing up embankments, causing a large amount of water to flow downstream and causing damage, and the task of the vanguard is to find the source of the water.
exit, assist the blasters in installing explosives, and confirm that all team members have safely evacuated to a safe location.
During the process, we cooperated with the commander's orders and the situation on site to make the best handling.
demolition
Demolition: referred to as the task of destroying enemy lines of communication, building structures or obstacles that block the advancement of our troops, usually
When there is no concern about invincibility and there is plenty of time, the principle of demolition does not require complete demolition, it only needs to be demolished until it cannot be used.
Just use it, or use it for a period of time and it will be damaged. In this mission mode, the vanguard must use the tools that are insufficient.
Under certain circumstances, use local tools or machinery to complete the task, and be vigilant during the demolition process to prevent all possible
Things that endanger the mission occur.
corrosion
Corrosion: The corrosion here refers to physical objects rather than psychological. The definition of corrosion damage is quite vague.
Generally speaking, it refers to anything that can achieve destructive effects through the corrosion of chemicals, which can be called corrosive damage, such as
Oil pipelines, water pipes, communication cables, gas pipelines and other lifeline facilities are usually used in unattended applications
Or regional, open facilities that cannot be guarded and have no enemy concerns, and the time control and corruption when implementing this method
The effective time of the eclipse also needs to be implemented in accordance with the team's itinerary and combat sequence schedule. The task of the vanguard is still to start
The basics of road, observation and warning.
Biochemistry
Biochemical: Due to the constraints of Geneva Convention, most countries are unwilling to admit that they have biological and chemical warfare capabilities.
, or hold biological and chemical warfare units, but in real situations, those biological and chemical warfare agents that should not exist will be very mysterious.
Strange things appear automatically. For the sake of overall operational interests, biological and chemical warfare is inevitable, but its use requires
Be careful. Currently, all countries use it regionally. It has low diffusion, short effective time, and will not cause permanent harm.
Hazardous biological and chemical warfare agents are mainly used by adding them to water, food or air, and are detonated or released in conjunction with a timer.
Release agents to achieve the effect of biochemical warfare. There is also another type of biochemical destruction that destroys the biochemical warfare agents possessed by the enemy.
In order to protect one's own side from being harmed by biological and chemical warfare agents, no matter which type, the task of the vanguard is to open the way and detect the enemy's situation.
It has four basic tasks: reconnaissance, biochemical early detection and defense and alert. However, it should be noted that because this task state involves confidentiality,
There are too many counterintelligence operations in advance and confidentiality measures during execution must be paid more attention to, especially during the march.
It is even more important to keep the traces secret. When the vanguard is clearing the way and checking the sentry, he should always remind himself of the instructions of keeping quiet and confidential.
guiding principle.
Heart war and destruction
Mental warfare and destruction: There are two basic types of psychological warfare and destruction, psychological and substantive. Psychological and political.
The scope of intelligence operations is mainly based on rumors, propaganda, broadcasts, leaflets and intentionally leaked intelligence materials, which can cause substantial damage.
Then use equipment and facilities to destroy or assassinate, capture important enemy personnel, and cause the enemy's morale to decrease.
In order to achieve the effect of destroying the morale of the military and achieve the effectiveness of psychological warfare. Because the scope of execution of psychological warfare destruction is extremely wide, no
The method uses a single example to comprehensively prove it, so we will not give any examples. However, please note that if
When performing a prisoner mission, due to an additional tie, the traveling speed and distance will be higher than the original entry speed.
Slowly, the captives will naturally take advantage of every possible opportunity to escape, or deliberately leave footprints to facilitate the enemy's pursuit, etc.
It may be a major test for the path selection and route arrangement of the leading soldiers, but it is also a major test for the physical strength and retreat route of the prisoners.
The arrangement of lines and the pick-up and drop-off of vehicles are very complex challenges, but sabotage operations often affect the entire process due to psychological warfare.
The balance of the battle situation and the control of timeliness are also a problem. You can't do it too fast or too slow. You can only do it within the specified time interval.
The results can only be achieved by completing the process within (called the window in English), and for the vanguard, the entire itinerary and time point are under control.
Grasp is the key to success in the psychological destruction mission.
harass
Raid and harass: To raid means to attack, to harass means to disrupt, and to harass is to use small-scale special forces forces in conjunction with deceiving the enemy.
Conduct continuous strikes and disturbances against enemy troops, lines of communication, bases, personnel, equipment and facilities at reinforcement points.
Chaotic actions are used to contain or distract the enemy's attention, leaving them exhausted and exhausted, thereby consuming or paralyzing the enemy's combat effectiveness.
, or use this to change the enemy's order of operations to facilitate our tactical application or strategic planning, or to cover the movement of our main forces.
Active, so that the main control of the battle situation is controlled by our side, and the enemy is passive, hoping to use the least amount of troops in the shortest time.
to achieve the highest cost. Generally, harassment in regular operations includes communication interference, artillery interference, attack interference, and sabotage.
Bad disruption, assassination and kidnapping, sniper disruption and psychological warfare disruption, among which communication and artillery are regular army operations, and sniper disruption is
Destruction and disruption were mentioned in the previous section, and psychological warfare was mentioned in the previous section. Assassination and kidnapping will be mentioned in the next section. We will only talk about attacks here.
Disturbing part.
The definition of the target of attack and disruption is "anyone who has a major hindrance or impact on our military operations or situation or progress."
In other words, even personnel, equipment, facilities, and institutions that are not used for military operations can also be listed as targets for attack and disruption.
, anyone who poses a military threat to us will automatically be on the target list. The purpose of harassment operations is to distract the enemy.
, divide the troops to resist the enemy, and do not know the attacker's personnel and intentions. The more chaotic the enemy, the better. We will use hit-and-run tactics to achieve the shortest possible time.
As soon as a battle occurs, prepare to retreat. Do not engage in direct confrontation with the enemy or the main force. If you encounter a small force, eat whatever you can. The convoy can be blown up as much as you can.
How many roads, bridges, railways, and power lines can be damaged? The requirements for the top soldiers in the harassment mission are:
, the entry and exit routes and backup lines of each attack point, the control of attack time and the confirmation of action results to provide guidance.
Reference for command staff.
block
Deterrence: In many cases, the task of the special forces is to support the main force, serve as bait for the enemy, or serve as the main force.
The troops open the way and end up with Meigui, or, even worse, they cut off the rear for the main troops to gain time. At this time, it is
The so-called denial mission. There are many ways to perform a denial mission. You can engage the enemy, set traps/booby traps, etc.
You can cut off traffic lines/blow up bridges/or blow up caves, or use a scorched-earth policy of fortifying walls and clearing fields, as long as you don’t let the enemy pass.
, you can do whatever you like. In fact, part of the methods of blocking tasks and harassing tasks are the same, and they can even be mixed.
Use it for better results.
Explosions, sniping, ambushes, counterattacks, and harassment can all be applied to the interdiction mission. The top priority of the top soldiers in the interdiction mission is
It is to take all teammates safely away from the combat zone and quickly enter another combat zone to completely complete the blocking mission.
, unlike what is shown in the movie, the interdiction mission cannot be solved by blowing up a bridge or a mountain. It must be evaluated.
Evaluate the enemy's repair ability and do it again when it is about to be completed, or do a few more while the enemy is busy repairing it.
If the enemy is large, it will be too much for them to repair and mend, and then they can attack again every now and then, or grab a few logistics support vehicles.
They brought a rescue vehicle to play and poisoned the water and food. Even if they didn't die, they would suffer from diarrhea and prolapse.
As for chasing our main force, forget it, next time!
Reconnaissance/Patrol/Search
Reconnaissance/Patrol/Search: Most special forces are responsible for intelligence gathering, especially behind enemy lines or behind enemy lines.
Collecting first-hand intelligence in the area has always been one of the main tasks of the special forces. During long-distance patrols,
Reconnaissance of everything seen and heard, and on the other hand, collection of all relevant information, such as when an amphibious reconnaissance team is conducting reconnaissance
, in addition to the collection of enemy situation, hydrological data, beachhead carrying capacity and high tide line and other data must also be collected together, and
Rangers on land will also collect vegetation and geographical information during patrols, while the tasks of the vanguard are the same as those of general tasks.
same.
rescue
Rescue: In missions behind enemy lines, downed pilots or intelligence personnel, and captured personnel often need to be transported by helicopter
or other means to return to our front. Sometimes when personnel cannot arrive by themselves, special forces must carry out rescue
task, after rescuing the designated person, the physical and mental condition of the rescued person must also be considered, and under safety considerations
Send them back to our front line as soon as possible. The task of the vanguard is to find the fastest and safest way without being too difficult.
More importantly, there must be no worries about the enemy situation or it can be reduced to a minimum, and sending personnel out is the first priority.
Assassination/kidnapping/capture
Assassination/kidnapping/capture: I remember it was mentioned in the preface of the first lecture, "All means to win the war
, are all necessary." Therefore, assassinating/kidnapping the opponent's high-ranking officials and generals is not an immoral act, but the opposite.
Good people can also become heroes. In World War II, Captain Lanfield, who piloted a P-38 Lightning fighter, and
Captain Barber is such a hero. The two of them shot down the Japanese Type 96 at 9:30 on April 18, 1943.
There were two bombers, and the passenger of one of them was the Imperial Japanese Navy Admiral, Yamamoto Isoroku, and this was a unique mission.
It's a right assassination operation, but Americans don't think there's anything shady about it, just like the U.S. Marine Corps' underwater activities during the Vietnam War.
Like the legendary White Feather of the Cow Hunter Squad, he successfully killed nearly two hundred people with a sniper rifle during the Vietnam War.
times (U.S. official records, it is said that if confidential and unverifiable records are included, there should be 600 times), it is a standard
He is an accurate assassin, but no one has doubted his military qualities, so special operations missions of assassination/kidnapping/capture are necessary.
Want and importance.
Conclusion
The task of the vanguard is to open the way and safely lead the troops in and out of the mission area. The control of speed and time is very important.
It's important because the target's itinerary and schedule have a certain time. If you miss the interval, you won't know when the next time will be.
But the most important thing is that when withdrawing, quietly and quickly taking the hostages safely away from the enemy area is not only the key to the success or failure of the mission,
The key can better highlight the skills of the vanguard, but of course this is accomplished with the joint efforts of all teammates. As for the vanguard and his
The cooperation and coordination among his teammates will be mentioned in future chapters.